Detroit

	█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
	█ Precipitation totals in inches

Detroit, Michigan
Climate chart (explanation)
	█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
	█ Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
	█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
	█ Precipitation totals in mm

Detroit
Detroit
City
	Downtown Detroit skyline Fox Theatre Renaissance Center Ambassador Bridge Comerica Park Detroit Institute of Arts Hitsville U.S.A. Belle Isle Park
	Flag Seal Logo
	Etymology: French: détroit (strait)
	Nicknames: The Motor City, Motown, and others
	Motto(s): Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus; (Latin: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes)
	Interactive map of Detroit
	Detroit Detroit
	Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W / 42.33139°N 83.04583°W
Country	United States
State	Michigan
County	Wayne
Founded; (Fort Detroit)	July 24, 1701
Incorporated a	September 13, 1806
Founded by	Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1658-1730) & Alphonse de Tonty (1659-1727)
Named for	Detroit River
Government
• Type	Strong Mayor
• Body	Detroit City Council
• Mayor	Mike Duggan (I)
• Clerk	Janice Winfrey
• City council	Members Mary D. Waters – At Large; Coleman Young II – At Large; James Tate – District 1 Northwest; Angela Calloway – District 2 Near Northwest; Scott Benson – District 3 Northeast; Latisha Johnson – District 4 Far East Side; Mary Sheffield – District 5 Central-Near East Side; Gabriela Santiago-Romero – District 6 Southwest; Fred Durhal III – District 7 West Side;
Area
• City	142.89 sq mi (370.09 km2)
• Land	138.73 sq mi (359.31 km2)
• Water	4.16 sq mi (10.78 km2)
• Urban	1,284.8 sq mi (3,327.7 km2)
• Metro	3,888.4 sq mi (10,071 km2)
Elevation	656 ft (200 m)
Population (2020)
• City	639,111
• Estimate (2023)	633,218
• Rank	78th in North America; 26th in the United States; 1st in Michigan
• Density	4,606.84/sq mi (1,778.71/km2)
• Urban	3,776,890 (US: 12th)
• Urban density	2,939.6/sq mi (1,135.0/km2)
• Metro	4,365,205 (US: 14th)
Demonym	Detroiter
GDP
• MSA	$305.412 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes	482XX
Area code	313
FIPS code	26-22000
GNIS feature ID	1617959
Major airports	Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Coleman A. Young International Airport
Mass transit	Detroit Department of Transportation, Detroit People Mover, QLine
Website	detroitmi.gov

Detroit (/dɪˈtrɔɪt/ ^ⓘ dih-TROYT, locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ DEE-troyt)^[8] is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the largest U.S. city on the Canadian border and the county seat of Wayne County. Detroit had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 census,^[9] making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States. The Metro Detroit area, home to 4.3 million people, is the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area and the 14th-largest in the United States. A significant cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to music, art, architecture and design, in addition to its historical automotive background.^[10]^[11]

In 1701, Royal French explorers Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1758-1730), and Alphonse de Tonty (1659-1727), founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit. During the late 19th and early 20th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region in the Midwestern United States. The city's population rose to be the fourth-largest in the nation by 1920, after New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia, with the expansion of the automotive industry in the early 20th century.^[12] One of its main features, the Detroit River, became the busiest commercial hub in the world—carrying over 65 million tons of shipping commerce each year. In the mid-20th century, Detroit entered a state of urban decay which has continued to the present, as a result of industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 65 percent.^[9] In 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, but successfully exited in December 2014.^[13]

Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the St. Lawrence Seaway. The city anchors the third-largest regional economy in the Midwest and the 16th-largest in the United States.^[14] It is also best known as the center of the U.S. automotive industry, and the "Big Three" auto manufacturers—General Motors, Ford, and Stellantis North America (Chrysler)—are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.^[15] It houses the Detroit Metropolitan Airport, one of the most important hub airports in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor constitute the second-busiest international crossing in North America, after San Diego–Tijuana.^[16]

Detroit's culture is marked with diversity, having both local and international influences. Detroit gave rise to the music genres of Motown and techno, and also played an important role in the development of jazz, hip-hop, rock, and punk. A globally unique stock of architectural monuments and historic places was the result of the city's rapid growth in its boom years. Since the 2000s, conservation efforts have managed to save many architectural pieces and achieve several large-scale revitalizations, including the restoration of several historic theaters and entertainment venues, high-rise renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. Detroit is an increasingly popular tourist destination which caters to about 16 million visitors per year.^[17] In 2015, Detroit was given a name called "City of Design" by UNESCO, the first and only U.S. city to receive that designation.^[18]

History

Toponymy

Detroit is named after the Detroit River, connecting Lake Huron with Lake Erie. The name comes from the French language word détroit meaning 'strait' as the city was situated on a narrow north/south passage of water linking the two lakes. The river was known as le détroit du Lac Érié in the French language, which means 'the strait of Lake Erie'.^[19]^[20] In the historical context, the strait included the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River.^[21]^[22]

Early settlement

Historical affiliations

Kingdom of France 1701–1760
Kingdom of Great Britain 1760–1796
United States 1796–1812
United Kingdom 1812–1813
United States 1813–present

Paleo-Indians inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago including the culture referred to as the Mound Builders.^[23] By the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, and Iroquois peoples.^[24] The area is known by the Anishinaabe people as Waawiiyaataanong, translating to 'where the water curves around'.^[25]

The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until French missionaries and traders worked their way around the Iroquois League, with whom they were at war in the 1630s.^[26] The Huron and Neutral people held the north side of Lake Erie until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed them and the Erie people away from the lake and its beaver-rich feeder streams in the Beaver Wars of 1649–1655.^[26] By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois laid claim to as far south as the Ohio River valley in northern Kentucky as hunting grounds,^[26] and had absorbed many other Iroquoian peoples after defeating them in war.^[26] For the next hundred years, virtually no British or French action was contemplated without consultation with the Iroquois or consideration of their likely response.^[26]

French settlement

Topographical plan of the Town of Detroit and Fort Lernoult showing major streets, gardens, fortifications, military complexes, and public buildings (John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi, ca. 1800)

On July 24, 1701, the French explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1658-1730), with his lieutenant Alphonse de Tonty (1659-1727), and more than a hundred other Royal French settlers traveling south and west from New France (modern Province of Quebec), along the St. Lawrence River valley to the Great Lakes region, began constructing a small fort on the north bank of the Detroit River. Cadillac named the settlement Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit,^[27] after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (1643-1727), the Secretary of State of the Navy under King Louis XIV (1638-1715, reigned 1643-1718) in the Royal government in Paris.^[28] Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit was founded on July 26 and is the second-oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic parish in the United States.^[29] France offered free land to colonists to attract families further west into the Great Lakes region interior of the North American continent to Detroit; when it eventually reached a population of about 800 by 1765, after the colonial conflict of the French and Indian War (1753-1763), (Seven Years' War in Europe), it became the largest European settlement between the important towns of Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements, in the former colonies of New France and La Louisiane (further south on the Mississippi River, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico), respectively.^[30]

British rule

During the French and Indian War (1753–63)—the North American front of the Seven Years' War in Europe between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of France—British troops gained control of the settlement a few years into the conflict in 1760 and shortened its name to Detroit. Several regional Native American tribes, such as the Potowatomi, Ojibwe and Huron, launched Pontiac's War (1763-1766), and laid siege in 1763 to Fort Detroit along the Detroit River in the Great Lakes but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America of New France and south of the lakes east of the Mississippi to the Appalachian Mountains to Britain following the war.^[31]

When Great Britain evicted France from its colonial possessions in New France (Canada) in the peace terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763, it also removed one barrier to American colonists migrating west across the mountains.^[32] British negotiations with the Iroquois would both prove critical and lead to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which limited settlements South of and below the Great Lakes and west of the Alleghenies / Appalachians. Many colonists and pioneers in the Thirteen Colonies along the East Coast, resented and then simply defied this restraint, later becoming supporters of the rebellious American Revolution. By 1773, after the addition of increasing numbers of the Anglo-American settlers, the population of Detroit and Fort Detroit, was edging up to 1,400 (doubled in the previous decade). During the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), the indigenous and loyalist raids of 1778 and the resultant 1779 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country (north of the Ohio River and west of the mountains) to even more westward emigration, which began almost immediately to get away from the eastern warfare. By 1778, its population had doubled again, reaching 2,144 and it was the third-largest town in what was known then as the Province of Quebec since the British takeover of former French colonial possessions in North America in 1763.^[33]

After the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and the establishment and recognition of the United States as an independent country, Britain (United Kingdom) ceded Detroit and other territories in the interior region of the continent, south of the Great Lakes and west of the Appalachian Mountains chain to the Mississippi River under the peace of the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which established the southern border with its still continuing colonial provinces of what remained of British North America, later provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. However, the disputed border area remained under British control with several military forts and trading posts for another decade, and its forces did not fully withdraw until 1796, following the negotiations and ratification of the subsequent Jay Treaty of 1794 between the British and Americans.^[34] By the turn of the 19th century, white American settlers began pouring westwards across the Appalachians and through the Great Lakes.^[35]

The region's then colonial economy was based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles as trappers and traders. Today the municipal flag of Detroit reflects its both its French and English colonial heritage. Descendants of the earliest French and French-Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community, who gradually were superseded as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers arrived in the early 19th century with American westward migration. Living along the shores of Lake St. Clair and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the ethnic French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French in reference to the fur trade, remain a subculture in the region up into the 21st century.^[36]^[37]

19th century

From top: Woodward Avenue shopping district in 1865; The City of Detroit (from Canada Shore), 1872, by A. C. Warren; the Belle Isle Park in 1891

The Great Detroit Fire of 1805 destroyed most of the Detroit settlement, which had primarily buildings made of wood. One stone fort, a river warehouse, and brick chimneys of former wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.^[38] Of the 600 Detroit residents in this area, none died in the fire.^[39] The legacy of the fire of 1805 lives on in many aspects of modern Detroit heritage. The cities motto, "Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus" was coined by Roman Catholic priest Father Gabriel Richard (1767-1832), as he looked out at the ruins of the city in the fire's aftermath.^[40]^[41] The city seal, designed by J.O. Lewis in 1827, directly depicts the Great Fire of 1805. Two women stand in the foreground while on the left, the city burns in the background and a woman weeps over the destruction. The woman on the right consoles her by gesturing to a new city that will rise in its place.^[42] The city seal also forms the center of the flag of the city.

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the territorial capital city of the old federal Michigan Territory (1805-1837), and later first state capital, in January 1837, when after 32 years, the old federal territory was admitted by act of the United States Congress and approved by seventh President Andrew Jackson (1769-1845, served 1829-1837), as the 26th state to the federal Union on its northern border.

William Hull (1753-1825), the United States Army elderly commander at Fort Detroit, surrendered without a fight to attacking British Army troops from adjacent Upper Canada in the northeast and their Native American allies laying siege during the first months of the War of 1812 (1812-1815) in the siege of Detroit in mid-August 1812, only two months after the Congress in Washington declared war. He was fooled and led to believing his forces were vastly outnumbered by the attacking / surrounding "Redcoats". Five months later in the conflict, the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813, was part of a U.S. military effort to retake the fort and town, and U.S. troops suffered their highest number of fatalities of any battle in the so-called Second War for Independence. This battle is commemorated at the nearby River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was eventually recaptured by the strengthened and better prepared United States military forces later that year.^[43]

The settlement was incorporated as a city in 1815.^[44] As the city expanded, a radial geometric street plan with a logical grid and broad avenues, developed by U.S. Judge for the old Michigan Territory (Chief Justice) Augustus B. Woodward (1774-1827, served 1805-1824), was followed (where Detroit gets its namesake and major downtown street of Woodward Avenue), featuring grand boulevards and plazas, inspired and influenced by the design of the American federal national capital city of Washington, D.C, in the 1790s by French engineer and architect, Pierre L'Enfant, plus a later example as later laid out across the Atlantic Ocean by the Emperor Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte) in the capital city of Paris in his First French Empire (France) to improve and transform the old Middle Ages / medieval city of Europe, and subsequently further developed by his nephew and later successor Emperor Napoleon III in the 1850s.^[45] In 1817, Woodward went on to establish the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania in the city. Intended to be a centralized system of schools, libraries, and other cultural and scientific institutions for the old federal Michigan Territory (1805-1837), the Catholepistemiad evolved into the modern University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

Prior to the American Civil War 1861-1865), the city's access to the Canada–U.S. international border made it a key stop for refugee slaves gaining freedom in the North along the Underground Railroad. Many simply went further north across the Detroit River to Canada to escape pursuit by rampaging Southern slave catchers.^[46]^[44] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees settled in Canada.^[47] Two prominent African American activists and abolitionists George DeBaptiste (c.1815-1875), was considered to be the "president" of the Detroit Underground Railroad, William Lambert (1817-1890), the "vice president" or "secretary", plus the elderly Quaker white woman Laura Smith Haviland (1808-1898), the "superintendent".^[48]

Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Federal Union and enlisted in its Union Army (United States Army) during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment. It was part of the famous Iron Brigade, which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify the federal national capital city of Washington, D.C. in the early days of the War in April 1861, newly elected and inaugurated 16th President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865, served 1861-1865), was quoted as saying, "Thank God for Michigan!!" George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876), led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".^[49] The city's tensions over race, and nationally, the draft led to the Detroit race riot of 1863, in which violence erupted, leaving some dead and over 200 Black residents homeless. This prompted the establishment of a full-time police force in 1865.

During the late 19th century, wealthy industry and shipping magnates commissioned the design and construction of several Gilded Age mansions east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House at 4421 Woodward Avenue, and the grand avenue became a favored address for mansions. During this period, some referred to Detroit as the "Paris of the West" for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison.^[44] The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub. ^{[citation needed]}

In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue. During this growth period, Detroit expanded its borders by annexing all or part of several surrounding villages and townships.^[50]

20th century

From top: Cadillac Square and Wayne County Building (1902); Cadillac Square (1910s); corner of Michigan Avenue and Griswold Street (circa 1920)

In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, Horace and John Dodge, James and William Packard, and Walter Chrysler—established the Big Three automakers and cemented Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital.^[44] The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires.^{[citation needed]} Because of the booming auto industry, Detroit became the fourth-largest city in the nation by 1920, following New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.^[51]

In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons of shipping commerce through Detroit to locations all over the world. For comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons, and New York shipped 20,390,953 tons. The river was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by The Detroit News in 1908. The prohibition of alcohol from 1920 to 1933 resulted in the Detroit River becoming a major conduit for smuggling of illegal Canadian spirits.^[12]

With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers (UAW) fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits, and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased the influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the UAW.^[52]

Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following the rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city.^{[citation needed]}

Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK", whose members primarily opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants but also practiced discrimination against Black Americans.^[53] Even after the decline of the KKK in the late 1920s, the Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s. One-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic organizer with the federal Works Progress Administration. Some 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.^[54]

By 1940, 80% of Detroit deeds contained restrictive covenants prohibiting African Americans from buying houses they could afford. These discriminatory tactics were successful as a majority of black people in Detroit resorted to living in all-black neighborhoods such as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. At this time, white people still made up about 90.4% of the city's population.^[55] White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and detonating bombs.^[56]^[57]

World War II

In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built, the Davison,^[58] was constructed. During World War II, the government encouraged retooling of the American automobile industry in support of the Allied powers, leading to Detroit's key role in the American Arsenal of Democracy.^[59] Jobs expanded so rapidly due to the defense buildup in World War II that 400,000 people migrated to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Whites, including ethnic Europeans, feared black competition for jobs and scarce housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work, but when in June 1943 Packard promoted three black people to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 white workers walked off the job.^[60] The 1943 Detroit race riot took place in June, three weeks after the Packard plant protest, beginning with an altercation at Belle Isle. A total of 34 people were killed, 25 of them black and most at the hands of the white police force, while 433 were wounded (75% of them black), and property valued at $2 million (worth $30.4 million in 2020) was destroyed. Rioters moved through the city, and young whites traveled across town to attack more settled blacks in their neighborhood of Paradise Valley.^[61]^[62]

The skyline of Detroit, 1929

Postwar era

Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased oligopoly in the American auto industry. Detroit manufacturers such as Packard and Hudson merged into other companies and eventually disappeared. At its peak population of 1,849,568, in the 1950 Census, the city was the fifth-largest in the United States.^[63]

From top: Aerial photo of Detroit (1932); Detroit at its population peak in the mid-20th century. Looking south down Woodward Avenue from the Maccabees Building with the city's skyline in the distance.

In this postwar era, the auto industry continued to create opportunities for many African Americans from the South, who continued with their Great Migration to Detroit and other northern and western cities to escape the strict Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination policies of the South. Postwar Detroit was a prosperous industrial center of mass production. The auto industry comprised about 60% of all industry in the city, allowing space for a plethora of separate booming businesses including stove making, brewing, furniture building, oil refineries, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and more. The expansion of jobs created unique opportunities for black Americans, who saw novel high employment rates: there was a 103% increase in the number of blacks employed in postwar Detroit. Black Americans who immigrated to northern industrial cities from the south still faced intense racial discrimination in the employment sector. Racial discrimination kept the workforce and better jobs predominantly white, while many black Detroiters held lower-paying factory jobs. Despite changes in demographics as the city's black population expanded, Detroit's police force, fire department, and other city jobs continued to be held by predominantly white residents. This created an unbalanced racial power dynamic.^[64]

Unequal opportunities in employment resulted in unequal housing opportunities for the majority of the black community: with overall lower incomes and facing the backlash of discriminatory housing policies, the black community was limited to lower cost, lower quality housing in the city. The surge in the black population augmented the strain on housing scarcity. The livable areas available to the black community were limited, and as a result, families often crowded together in unsanitary, unsafe, and illegal quarters. Such discrimination became increasingly evident in the policies of redlining implemented by banks and federal housing groups, which almost completely restricted the ability of blacks to improve their housing and encouraged white people to guard the racial divide that defined their neighborhoods. As a result, black people were often denied bank loans to obtain better housing, and interest rates and rents were unfairly inflated to prevent their moving into white neighborhoods. White residents and political leaders largely opposed the influx of black Detroiters to white neighborhoods, believing that their presence would lead to neighborhood deterioration. This perpetuated a cyclical exclusionary process that marginalized the agency of black Detroiters by trapping them in the unhealthiest, least safe areas of the city.^[64]

As in other major American cities in the postwar era, modernist planning ideology drove the construction of a federally subsidized, extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit, and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car for higher-income residents easier. However, this construction had negative implications for many lower-income urban residents. Highways were constructed through and completely demolished neighborhoods of poor residents and black communities who had less political power to oppose them. The neighborhoods were mostly low income, considered blighted, or made up of older housing where investment had been lacking due to racial redlining, so the highways were presented as a kind of urban renewal. These neighborhoods (such as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley) were extremely important to the black communities of Detroit, providing spaces for independent black businesses and social/cultural organizations. Their destruction displaced residents with little consideration of the effects of breaking up functioning neighborhoods and businesses.^[64]

In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line, which traveled along the length of Woodward Avenue, was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941, at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.^[65]^[66]

All of these changes in the area's transportation system favored low-density, auto-oriented development rather than high-density urban development. Industry also moved to the suburbs, seeking large plots of land for single-story factories. By the 21st century, the metro Detroit area had developed as one of the most sprawling job markets in the United States; combined with poor public transport, this resulted in many new jobs being beyond the reach of urban low-income workers.^[67]

An electric PCC streetcar in Detroit, 1953

In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population. Over the next 60 years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. During the same time period, the sprawling metropolitan area grew to contain more than half of Michigan's population.^[44] The shift of population and jobs eroded Detroit's tax base.^{[citation needed]}

In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gave a major speech as part of a civil rights march in Detroit that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., two months later. While the civil rights movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner-city black youth who wanted change.^[68]

I have a dream this afternoon that my four little children, that my four little children will not come up in the same young days that I came up within, but they will be judged on the basis of the content of their character, not the color of their skin ... I have a dream this evening that one day we will recognize the words of Jefferson that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." I have a dream ...

—Martin Luther King Jr. (June 1963 Speech at the Great March on Detroit)^[69]

The deadly 1967 Detroit riot resulted in massive demographic shifts via white flight.

Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Lyndon B. Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades.^[70] According to the Chicago Tribune, it was the 3rd most costly riot in the United States.^[71]

On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, as the composition of students in the schools followed segregated neighborhoods.^[72] The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area.^[73] The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974.^[72] The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had nationwide influence. In a narrow decision, the Supreme Court found schools were a subject of local control, and suburbs could not be forced to aid with the desegregation of the city's school district.^[74]

"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period", said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota Law School. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems."^[75] John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University Law School in Detroit, says,

Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then.^[75]

1970s and decline

First Williams Block in 1915 (left) and 1989 (right)

In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department, which was predominantly white.^[76] Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but the tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term.

In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million (~$2.5 billion in 2023) for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single regional authority.^[77] But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit.^{[citation needed]} The city then moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.^[78]

The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 affected auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.^[79]

Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown.^[44]^[80]^[81] Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the automobile-dependent suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed, and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services to residents.^{[citation needed]}

High unemployment was compounded by middle-class flight to the suburbs, and some residents leaving the state to find work. The result for the city was a higher proportion of poor in its population, reduced tax base, depressed property values, abandoned buildings, abandoned neighborhoods, and high crime rates.^[82]

On August 16, 1987, Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashed near Detroit Metro airport, killing all but one of the 155 people on board, as well as two people on the ground.^[83]

In 1993, Young retired as Detroit's longest-serving mayor, deciding not to seek a sixth term, with Dennis Archer succeeding him. Archer prioritized downtown development, easing tensions with its suburban neighbors. A referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.^[84]

21st century

Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park, was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States.^[85]^[86]^[87] In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront redevelopment was completed as a part of the city's 300th-anniversary celebration.^[88]

In September 2008, Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick (who had served for six years) resigned following felony convictions. In 2013, Kilpatrick was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, and racketeering,^[89] and was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison.^[90] The former mayor's activities cost the city an estimated $20 million.^[91] Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million (~$329 million in 2023) in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit. The rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.^[92]

Construction progress at Hudson's Detroit in 2022, slated to be the second tallest building in Detroit.

The city's financial crisis resulted in Michigan taking over administrative control of its government.^[93] Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in March 2013, stating the city had a $327 million budget deficit and faced more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It had been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and had instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Mayor Bing and the City Council^[94] led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit. On June 14, 2013, Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy.^[95] On July 18, 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy.^[96] It was declared bankrupt by U.S. District Court on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt.^[97] On November 7, 2014, the city's plan for exiting bankruptcy was approved. On December 11 the city officially exited bankruptcy. The plan allowed the city to eliminate $7 billion in debt and invest $1.7 billion into improved city services.^[98]

One way the city obtained this money was through the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA). Holding over 60,000 pieces of art worth billions of dollars, some saw it as the key to funding this investment. The city came up with a plan to monetize the art and sell it, leading to the DIA becoming a private organization. After months of legal battles, the city finally got hundreds of millions of dollars towards funding a new Detroit.^[99]

One of the largest post-bankruptcy efforts to improve city services has been to fix the city's broken street lighting system. At one time it was estimated that 40% of lights were not working, which resulted in public safety issues and abandonment of housing. The plan called for replacing outdated high-pressure sodium lights with 65,000 LED lights. Construction began in late 2014 and finished in December 2016; Detroit is the largest U.S. city with all LED street lighting.^[100]

In the 2010s, several initiatives were taken by Detroit's citizens and new residents to improve the cityscape by renovating and revitalizing neighborhoods. Such projects include volunteer renovation groups^[101] and various urban gardening movements.^[102] Miles of associated parks and landscaping have been completed in recent years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened, with the riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.^[81]

One symbol of the city's decades-long decline, the Michigan Central Station, was long vacant. The city renovated it with new windows, elevators and facilities, completing the work in December 2015.^[104] In 2018, Ford Motor Company purchased the building and plans to use it for mobility testing with a potential return of train service.^[105] Several other landmark buildings have been privately renovated and adapted as condominiums, hotels, offices, or for cultural uses. Detroit was mentioned as a city of renaissance and has reversed many of the trends of the prior decades.^[106]^[107]

The city has seen a rise in gentrification.^[108] In downtown, for example, the construction of Little Caesars Arena brought with it high class shops and restaurants along Woodward Avenue. Office tower and condominium construction has led to an influx of wealthy families but also a displacement of long-time residents and culture.^[109]^[110] Areas outside of downtown and other recently revived areas have an average household income of about 25% less than the gentrified areas, a gap that is continuing to grow.^[111] Rents and cost of living in these gentrified areas rise every year, pushing minorities and the poor out, causing more and more racial disparity and separation in the city. In 2019, the cost of a one-bedroom loft in Rivertown reached $300,000 (~$352,668 in 2023), with a five-year sale price change of over 500% and average income rising by 18%.^[112]^{[better source needed]}

Geography

Metropolitan area

Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (with a population of 3,734,090 within an area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km²) according to the 2010 United States Census), six-county metropolitan statistical area (population of 5,322,219 in an area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km²] as of the 2010 census), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (population of 5.3 million within 5,814 square miles [15,060 km²] as of 2010^[update]).^[113]^[114]^[115]

Topography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.87 square miles (370.03 km²), of which 138.75 square miles (359.36 km²) is land and 4.12 square miles (10.67 km²) is water.^[116] Detroit is the principal city in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan. It is situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region.^[117]

The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America and is uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and western Lake Erie shoreline.^[118]

The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor are located, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point.^[119] The highest elevation in the city is directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m).^[120] Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).^[121]

Belle Isle Park is a 982-acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River, between Detroit and Windsor, Ontario. It is connected to the mainland by the MacArthur Bridge. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Belle Isle Conservatory, the Detroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. Both the Detroit and Windsor skylines can be viewed at the island's Sunset Point.^[122]

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and true north–south roads based on the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–U.S. border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.^[123]

Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.^[124]^[125]

Cityscape

Skyline of Detroit from Windsor, Ontario in 2014. Notable buildings include the Renaissance Center, Ally Detroit Center and Penobscot Building.

Architecture

Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The postmodern Neo-Gothic spires of Ally Detroit Center were designed to refer to the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, these buildings form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts, all built in the early 20th century.^[126]^[127]

While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront, extending toward Grosse Pointe, and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District.^[128]

Forty-two significant structures or sites are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the architecture of the times, with wood-frame and brick houses in the working-class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in middle-class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in upper-class neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Boston-Edison, and others.^[129]

Some of the oldest neighborhoods are along the major Woodward and East Jefferson corridors, which formed spines of the city. Some newer residential construction may also be found along the Woodward corridor and in the far west and northeast. The oldest extant neighborhoods include West Canfield and Brush Park. There have been multi-million dollar restorations of existing homes and construction of new homes and condominiums here.^[80]^[130]

The city has one of the United States' largest surviving collections of late 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.^[127] Architecturally significant churches and cathedrals in the city include St. Joseph's, Old St. Mary's, the Sweetest Heart of Mary, and the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament.^[126]

The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture.^[131] A number of downtown redevelopment projects—of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city. Grand Circus Park and historic district is near the city's theater district; Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers.^[126] Little Caesars Arena, a new home for the Detroit Red Wings and the Detroit Pistons, with attached residential, hotel, and retail use, opened in 2017.^[132] The plans for the project call for mixed-use residential on the blocks surrounding the arena and the renovation of the vacant 14-story Eddystone Hotel. It will be a part of The District Detroit, a group of places owned by Olympia Entertainment Inc., including Comerica Park and the Detroit Opera House, among others.^[133]

The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three-and-one-half-mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge, which connects to Belle Isle Park, the largest island park in a U.S. city. The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two-mile (3.2-kilometer) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8.0 kilometres) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain.^[134]

Other major parks include River Rouge (in the southwest side), the largest park in Detroit; Palmer (north of Highland Park) and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).^[135]

Neighborhoods

The Cass Park Historic District in Midtown Detroit

Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown, Midtown, Corktown, New Center areas feature many historic buildings and are high density, while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,^[136] high vacancy levels are problematic, for which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007, Downtown Detroit was recognized as the best city neighborhood in which to retire among the United States' largest metro areas by CNNMoney editors.^[137]

Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district.^[138] The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.^[138] Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.^[139] Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.^[140]

The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.^[136] A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.^[136]^[141]^[142] The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.^[141]^[142]^[143]^[144]

To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses, razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,^[145] but the resulting low density creates a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, including Hantz Woodlands, though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.^[146]^[147]

Public funding and private investment have been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300 million (~$417 million in 2023) stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.^[146] The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn.^[146] Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.^[148]^[149] Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan.^[150] In 2011, Mayor Dave Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.^[151]

Parks

Belle Isle and Grand Circus park

Detroit Parks & Recreation maintains 308 public parks, totaling 4,950 (2,003 ha) acres or about 5.6% of the city's land area. Belle Isle Park, Detroit's largest and most visited park is the largest city-owned island park in the U.S., covering 982 acres (397 ha).

Grand Circus, the city's first municipal park, opened in 1847. In the early 20th century, the city enlisted landscape architect Augustus Woodward to conceive a framework for Detroit's modern parks system. Augustus Woodward’s plan for the city imagined grand boulevards, spacious and elegant common parks, and an orderly, hub-and-spoke city layout.^[152]

The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority was created in 1940 by the citizens of Southeast Michigan to serve as a regional park system the park system includes 13 parks totaling more than 24,000 acres (97 km²) arranged along the Huron River and Clinton River forming a partial ring around the Detroit metro area.

Climate

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes like other places in the state;^[153]^[154]^[155] the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b, while the more distant northern and western suburbs generally are included in zone 6a.^[156] Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 12 days.^[157] The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 °F (−3.6 °C) in January to 73.6 °F (23.1 °C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934, down to −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is −4 °F (−20 °C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences.^[157] A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 through April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.^[157]

Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011.^[157] Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May),^[157] averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881–82 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in 2013–14.^[157] A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover.^[157] Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.^[158]

Climate data for Detroit (DTW), 1991–2020 normals,^[a] extremes 1874–present^[b]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	67 (19)	73 (23)	86 (30)	89 (32)	95 (35)	104 (40)	105 (41)	104 (40)	100 (38)	92 (33)	81 (27)	69 (21)	105 (41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	53.0 (11.7)	55.3 (12.9)	69.3 (20.7)	79.6 (26.4)	87.2 (30.7)	92.6 (33.7)	93.8 (34.3)	92.1 (33.4)	89.3 (31.8)	80.6 (27.0)	66.7 (19.3)	56.1 (13.4)	95.4 (35.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	32.3 (0.2)	35.2 (1.8)	45.9 (7.7)	58.7 (14.8)	70.3 (21.3)	79.7 (26.5)	83.7 (28.7)	81.4 (27.4)	74.4 (23.6)	62.0 (16.7)	48.6 (9.2)	37.2 (2.9)	59.1 (15.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)	25.8 (−3.4)	28.0 (−2.2)	37.2 (2.9)	48.9 (9.4)	60.3 (15.7)	69.9 (21.1)	74.1 (23.4)	72.3 (22.4)	64.9 (18.3)	53.0 (11.7)	41.2 (5.1)	31.3 (−0.4)	50.6 (10.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	19.2 (−7.1)	20.8 (−6.2)	28.6 (−1.9)	39.1 (3.9)	50.2 (10.1)	60.2 (15.7)	64.4 (18.0)	63.2 (17.3)	55.5 (13.1)	44.0 (6.7)	33.9 (1.1)	25.3 (−3.7)	42.0 (5.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	0.1 (−17.7)	3.5 (−15.8)	12.0 (−11.1)	25.5 (−3.6)	36.3 (2.4)	47.3 (8.5)	54.1 (12.3)	53.4 (11.9)	41.6 (5.3)	31.0 (−0.6)	19.8 (−6.8)	8.8 (−12.9)	−3.7 (−19.8)
Record low °F (°C)	−21 (−29)	−20 (−29)	−4 (−20)	8 (−13)	25 (−4)	36 (2)	42 (6)	38 (3)	29 (−2)	17 (−8)	0 (−18)	−11 (−24)	−21 (−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.23 (57)	2.08 (53)	2.43 (62)	3.26 (83)	3.72 (94)	3.26 (83)	3.51 (89)	3.26 (83)	3.22 (82)	2.53 (64)	2.57 (65)	2.25 (57)	34.32 (872)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	14.0 (36)	12.5 (32)	6.2 (16)	1.5 (3.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.9 (4.8)	8.9 (23)	45.0 (114)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	7.1 (18)	6.6 (17)	4.4 (11)	0.8 (2.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.1 (2.8)	4.3 (11)	10.0 (25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	13.4	11.0	11.1	12.5	12.9	10.7	10.5	9.7	9.5	10.6	11.0	13.1	136.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	10.7	9.2	5.3	1.5	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	2.6	8.0	37.6
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	72.5	70.0	66.0	65.3	67.3	68.5	71.5	73.4	71.6	74.6	76.7	71.0
Average dew point °F (°C)	16.2 (−8.8)	17.6 (−8.0)	25.9 (−3.4)	35.1 (1.7)	45.7 (7.6)	55.6 (13.1)	60.4 (15.8)	59.7 (15.4)	53.2 (11.8)	41.4 (5.2)	32.4 (0.2)	21.9 (−5.6)	38.7 (3.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	119.9	138.3	184.9	217.0	275.9	301.8	317.0	283.5	227.6	176.0	106.3	87.7	2,435.9
Percent possible sunshine	41	47	50	54	61	66	69	66	61	51	36	31	55
Average ultraviolet index	1.2	2.0	3.6	5.4	6.9	8.0	8.2	7.1	5.3	3.1	1.6	1.1	4.4
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)^[157]^[159]^[160]
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)^[161]

See or edit raw graph data.

Climate data for Detroit
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean No. of days with Maximum temperature => 90.0 °F (32.2 °C)	0	0	0	0	1	3	5	3	1	0	0	0	13
Mean No. of days with Minimum temperature => 68.0 °F (20.0 °C)	0	0	0	0	1	5	10	8	2	0	0	0	25
Mean No. of days with Minimum temperature <= 32.0 °F (0.0 °C)	27	25	21	6	0	0	0	0	0	2	14	24	120
Mean No. of days with Maximum temperature <= 32.0 °F (0.0 °C)	16	12	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	10	42
Mean No. of days with snow depth => 0.1 in (0.25 cm)	17	14	6	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	8	48
Average sea temperature °F (°C)	33.6 (0.9)	32.7 (0.4)	33.4 (0.8)	39.7 (4.3)	48.9 (9.4)	63.9 (17.7)	74.7 (23.7)	75.4 (24.1)	70.5 (21.4)	60.3 (15.7)	48.6 (9.2)	38.1 (3.4)	51.7 (10.9)
Mean daily daylight hours	9.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	14.0	12.0	11.0	10.0	9.0	12.2
Average Ultraviolet index	1	2	4	6	7	8	9	8	6	4	2	1	4.8
Source 1: NWS (1991–2020)^[162]
Source 2 : Weather Atlas (daylight-UV-water temperature) ^[163]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1820	1,422		—
1830	2,222		56.3%
1840	9,102		309.6%
1850	21,019		130.9%
1860	45,619		117.0%
1870	79,577		74.4%
1880	116,340		46.2%
1890	205,876		77.0%
1900	285,704		38.8%
1910	465,766		63.0%
1920	993,678		113.3%
1930	1,568,662		57.9%
1940	1,623,452		3.5%
1950	1,849,568		13.9%
1960	1,670,144		−9.7%
1970	1,511,482		−9.5%
1980	1,203,368		−20.4%
1990	1,027,974		−14.6%
2000	951,270		−7.5%
2010	713,777		−25.0%
2020	639,111		−10.5%
2023 (est.)	633,218	^[4]	−0.9%
U.S. Decennial Census^[164] 2010–2020^[9]

In the 2020 United States census, the city had 639,111 residents, ranking it the 27th-most populous city in the US.^[165]^[166] Of the large shrinking cities in the US, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in the population of the past 70 years (down 1,210,457) and the second-largest percentage decline (down 65.4%). In 1950, Detroit was the fourth-largest city in the US behind New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. While the drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline between the 2000 and 2010 census.^[166]

Detroit's 639,111 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,144.3 people per square mile (1,986.2 people/km²). There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of 2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6 units/km²). Of the 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5% were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.36.

There was a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

Religion

According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 49% professing attendance at Protestant churches, and 16% professing Roman Catholic beliefs,^[167]^[168] while 24% claim no religious affiliation. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.

Income and employment

The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems.^[169] From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.^{[citation needed]} As of 2010^[update], the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country".^[170]

In the 2018 American Community Survey, median household income in the city was $31,283, compared with the median for Michigan of $56,697.^[171] The median income for a family was $36,842, well below the state median of $72,036.^[172] 33.4% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population, 47.3% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined poverty line.^[173]

Median income in Detroit (as of July 1, 2019)^[174]
Area	Number of house- holds	Median House- hold Income	Per Capita Income	Percent- age in poverty
Detroit City	263,688	$30,894 ()	$18,621 ()	35.0% ()
Wayne County, MI	682,282	$47,301	$27,282	19.8%
United States	120,756,048	$62,843	$34,103	11.4%

Race and ethnicity

Historical Racial Composition	2020^[175]	2010^[176]	1990^[55]	1970^[55]	1950^[55]	1940^[55]	1930^[55]	1920^[55]	1910^[55]
White	14.7%	10.6%	21.6%	55.5%	83.6%	90.7%	92.2%	95.8%	98.7%
—Non-Hispanic	10.1%	7.8%	20.7%	54.0%^[c]	—	90.4%	—	—	—
Black or African American	77.7%	82.7%	75.7%	43.7%	16.2%	9.2%	7.7%	4.1%	1.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	8.0%	6.8%	2.8%	1.8%^[c]	—	0.3%	—	—	—
Asian	1.6%	1.1%	0.8%	0.3%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	—

**Detroit, Michigan – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 1960^[177]	Pop 1970^[178]	Pop 1980^[179]	Pop 1990^[180]	Pop 2000^[181]	Pop 2010^[182]	Pop 2020^[183]	% 1960	% 1970	% 1980	% 1990	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	1,182,970	838,877	402,077	212,278	99,921	55,604	60,770	70.83%	55.50%	33.41%	20.65%	10.50%	7.79%	10.10%
Black or African American alone (NH)	482,223	660,428	754,274	774,529	771,966	586,573	493,212	28.87%	43.69%	62.68%	75.35%	81.15%	82.18%	77.17%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	N/A	N/A	3,420	3,305	2,572	1,927	1,399	N/A	N/A	0.28%	0.32%	0.27%	0.27%	0.22%
Asian alone (NH)	4,206	7,392	6,353	8,085	9,135	7,436	10,085	0.25%	0.49%	0.53%	0.79%	0.96%	1.04%	1.58%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian alone (NH)	N/A	N/A	268	N/A	169	82	111	N/A	N/A	0.02%	N/A	0.02%	0.01%	0.02%
Other race alone (NH)	745	4,785	8,006	1,304	1,676	994	3,066	0.04%	0.32%	0.67%	0.13%	0.18%	0.14%	0.48%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	18,664	12,482	19,199	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.96%	1.75%	3.00%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	N/A	N/A	28,970	28,473	47,167	48,679	51,269	N/A	N/A	2.41%	2.77%	4.96%	6.82%	8.02%
Total	1,670,144	1,511,482	1,203,368	1,027,974	951,270	713,777	639,111	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

Map of racial distribution in Detroit, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

Beginning with the rise of the automobile industry, Detroit's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century as an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants brought their families to the city.^[184] With this economic boom following World War I, the African American population grew from a mere 6,000 in 1910^[185] to more than 120,000 by 1930.^[186] Perhaps one of the most overt examples of neighborhood discrimination occurred in 1925 when African American physician Ossian Sweet found his home surrounded by an angry mob of his hostile white neighbors violently protesting his new move into a traditionally white neighborhood. Sweet and ten of his family members and friends were put on trial for murder as one of the mob members throwing rocks at the newly purchased house was shot and killed by someone firing out of a second-floor window.^[187]

Detroit has a relatively large Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century, thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s much of the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown.^[188] Immigration from Jalisco significantly increased the Latino population in the 1990s. By 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans: a 70% increase from 1990.^[189] Per the 2023 American Community Survey five-year estimates, the Mexican American population was 35,273 comprising over 75% of the Latino population with Puerto Ricans as the next largest group at 5,887.^[190]

After World War II, many people from Appalachia also settled in Detroit. Appalachians formed communities and their children acquired southern accents.^[191] Many Lithuanians also settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the city's Southwest side in the West Vernor area,^[192] where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.^[193]^[194]

While African Americans in 2020 only comprise 13.5% of Michigan's population, they made up nearly 77.2% of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were non-Hispanic whites, at 10.1%, and Hispanics, at 8.0%.^[183] In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area.^[195] According to the 2010 census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and relative terms and in the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in the metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.^[196]^[197] The number of integrated neighborhoods increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. Detroit also moved down the ranking from number one most segregated city to number four.^[198] A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated.

As of 2002, Detroit's percentage of Asians was 1%.^[199] There are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has a large population of Hmong^[200] with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. The area north of downtown has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities.^[199]^[201]

Crime

Detroit
Crime rates* (2019)
Violent crimes
Homicide	41.4
Rape	143.4
Robbery	353.3
Aggravated assault	1,425.8
Total violent crime	1,965.3
Property crimes
Burglary	1,027.1
Larceny-theft	2,235.5
Motor vehicle theft	1,037.0
Total property crime	4,299.7
Notes Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. Source*: FBI 2019 UCR data

Detroit has gained notoriety for its high amount of crime, having struggled with it for decades. The number of homicides in 1974 was 714.^[202]^[203] The homicide rate in 2022 was the third highest in the nation at 50.0 per 100,000.^[204] Downtown typically has lower crime than national and state averages.^[205] According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related,^[206] with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.^[169]

Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,^[207] violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.^[208] The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).^[209] In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive car insurance.^[210]

Areas of the city adjacent to the Detroit River are also patrolled by the United States Border Patrol.^[211]

Economy

Rank	Company or organization	#
Top city employers as of 2014 Source: Crain's Detroit Business^[212]
1	Detroit Medical Center	11,497
2	City of Detroit	9,591
3	Rocket Mortgage	9,192
4	Henry Ford Health System	8,807
5	Detroit Public Schools	6,586
6	U.S. Government	6,308
7	Wayne State University	6,023
8	Chrysler	5,426
9	Blue Cross Blue Shield	5,415
10	General Motors	4,327
11	State of Michigan	3,911
12	DTE Energy	3,700
13	St. John Providence Health System	3,566
14	U.S. Postal Service	2,643
15	Wayne County	2,566
16	MGM Grand Detroit	2,551
17	MotorCity Casino	1,973
18	Compuware	1,912
19	Detroit Diesel	1,685
20	Greektown Casino	1,521
21	Comerica	1,194
22	Deloitte	942
23	Johnson Controls	760
24	PwC	756
25	Ally Financial	715

Several major corporations are based in the city, including three Fortune 500 companies. The most heavily represented sectors are manufacturing (particularly automotive), finance, technology, and health care. The most significant companies based in Detroit include General Motors, Rocket Mortgage, Ally Financial, Compuware, Shinola, American Axle, Little Caesars, DTE Energy, Lowe Campbell Ewald, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, and Rossetti Architects.

About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising one-fifth of the city's employment base.^[213]^[214] Aside from the numerous Detroit-based companies listed above, downtown contains large offices for Comerica, Chrysler, Fifth Third Bank, HP Enterprise, Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, and Ernst & Young. Ford Motor Company is in the adjacent city of Dearborn.^[215]

Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that is part of the Wayne State University system.^[216] Like downtown, Corktown Is experiencing growth with the new Ford Corktown Campus under development.^[217]^[218]

The First National Building, an A-class office center within the Detroit Financial District

Many downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs into the downtown core.^[219] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.^[220] In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.^[221]

In April 2014, the United States Department of Labor reported the city's unemployment rate at 14.5%.^[222]

The city of Detroit and other public–private partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city has cleared sections of land while retaining some historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment;^[223] even though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.^[146] Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.^[80] In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.^[224]

Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems.^[225] Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%.^[226] Numerous developments have been recently completed or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown's David Whitney Building (now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown, the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.^[227]^[80]

Downtown's population of young professionals is growing, and retail is expanding.^[228]^[229] A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals (57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),^[213]^[228]^[230] a trend which has hastened over the last decade. Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of which has come in 2013 and 2014.^[231] Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. As of 2014, the number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.^[232]

In 2013 Meijer, a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit;^[233] this was a $20 million, 190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new $72 million shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.^[234] In 2015 Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.^[235] In 2019 JPMorgan Chase announced plans to invest $50 million more in affordable housing, job training, and entrepreneurship by the end of 2022, growing its investment to $200 million.^[236]

Arts and culture

In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.^[228] This dynamic is luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities, to the city's Downtown along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center areas.^[213]^[228]^[230]

A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Ferndale and Royal Oak.^[237] The proximity to Windsor provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.^[238] A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities.^[239] About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city.^[240]

Nicknames

Known as the world's automotive center,^[241] "Detroit" is a metonym for that industry.^[242] It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown.^[243] Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport;^[244] The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the Detroit Red Wings); Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).^[d]^[245]

Music

Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname "Motown".^[246] The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted by Live Nation perform throughout the Detroit area. The theater venue circuit is the United States' second largest and hosts Broadway performances.^[247]^[248]

The city has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to many genres over the decades.^[245] Important music events include the Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.^[245]

In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians, migrated from his home in Mississippi, bringing the Delta blues to Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.^[44] Prominent emerging jazz musicians included trumpeter Donald Byrd (who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career) and saxophonist Pepper Adams (who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums). The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.^[249]

Other prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s were Nolan Strong, Andre Williams, and Nathaniel Mayer—who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label, a family-operated label on Third Avenue, was owned by the husband-and-wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune—which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s—laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.^[250]

Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records, which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, the Temptations, the Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, Diana Ross & the Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, the Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Marvelettes, the Elgins, the Monitors, the Velvelettes, and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists^[251] the Andantes and the Funk Brothers.

"The Motown sound" played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American–owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown label.^[245]

Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s, including the MC5, Glenn Frey, the Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song "Detroit Rock City" and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as the Necros, the Meatmen, and Negative Approach.^[250]

In the 1990s and 2000s, the city produced many influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, his rap group D12, hip-hop rapper and producer Royce da 5'9", hip-hop producer Denaun Porter, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and musician Kid Rock and rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music.^[245]^[250] The city also has an active garage rock scene that has generated national attention with acts such as the White Stripes, the Von Bondies, the Detroit Cobras, the Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and the Hard Lessons.^[245] Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s.^[252] The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, "Detroit techno". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past.^[44] Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson, and Jeff Mills. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as Movement, occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza.

Performing arts

Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats), which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.^[245]

Motown Motion Picture Studios with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m²) produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.^[253]

Tourism

Detroit is home to the world's first destination marketing organization, the Detroit Metro Convention and Visitor's Bureau, also known as Visit Detroit.^[254]^[255] Founded in 1896, the organization now operates at 211 West Fort Street as Visit Detroit.^[256]

Because of its unique culture, distinctive architecture, and revitalization and urban renewal efforts in the 21st century, Detroit has enjoyed increased prominence as a tourist destination in recent years. The New York Times listed Detroit as the ninth-best destination in its list of 52 Places to Go in 2017,^[257] while travel guide publisher Lonely Planet named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in 2018.^[258]Time named Detroit as one of the 50 World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.^[259]

Many of the area's prominent museums are in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum, the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit, the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit, and the Belle Isle Conservatory.

In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m²) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.^[260] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.^[126]

Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.^[261] On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop there.^[262] The annual Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.^[263]

Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.^[264] River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.^[240]^[245]^[265]

An important civic sculpture is The Spirit of Detroit by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit, and the statue is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.^[266] A memorial to Joe Louis is located at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.

Sports

Top: Comerica Park, home of the American League Detroit Tigers; middle: Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions; bottom: Little Caesars Arena, home of the Detroit Red Wings and the Detroit Pistons

Detroit is one of four U.S. cities that have venues within the city representing the four major sports in North America. Detroit is the only city to have its four major sports teams play within its downtown district.^[267] Venues include: Comerica Park (home of MLB's Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Little Caesars Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons).

Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. The Tigers have won four World Series titles (1935, 1945, 1968, and 1984). The Red Wings have won 11 Stanley Cups (1935–36, 1936–37, 1942–43, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2007–08) (the most by an American NHL franchise).^[268] The Lions have won 4 NFL titles (1935, 1952, 1953, 1957). The Pistons have won three NBA titles (1989, 1990, 2004).^[245] In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured the three major professional sports championships in existence at the time in a seven-month period (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).^[244]

Founded in 2012 as a semi-professional soccer club, Detroit City FC plays professional soccer in the USL Championship. Nicknamed, Le Rouge, the club are two-time champions of NISA since joining in 2020. They play their home matches in Keyworth Stadium, which is located in the enclave of Hamtramck.^[269]

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference (MAC) has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field since 2004 and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has an NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football GameAbove Sports Bowl (formerly, Quick Lane Bowl) is held at Ford Field each December.

The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game, Super Bowl XL in 2006, the 2006 and 2012 World Series, WrestleMania 23 in 2007, and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009. The Detroit Indy Grand Prix is held in Belle Isle Park. In 2007, open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing.^[270] From 1982 to 1988, Detroit held the Detroit Grand Prix, at the Detroit street circuit.

In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Detroit has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games, with seven unsuccessful bids for the 1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1972 summer games.^[245]

In 2024, Detroit hosted the NFL Draft. Over 775,000 people were present in downtown Detroit over the course of the three-day event, making it the highest attended draft on record.^[271]

Government

The city is governed pursuant to the home rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The government is run by a mayor, the nine-member Detroit City Council, the eleven-member Board of Police Commissioners, and a clerk. All of these officers are elected on a nonpartisan ballot, with the exception of four of the police commissioners, who are appointed by the mayor. Detroit has a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets, but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council.^[272]^[273] The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.

Presently three Community Advisory Councils advise City Council representatives. Residents of each of Detroit's seven districts have the option of electing Community Advisory Councils.^[274] The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.^[273] Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.^[275]

Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown. The Circuit Court is across Gratiot Avenue in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.^[276]^[277]

Politics

Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents.^[278] Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.^[279]

In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.^[280] In 2013, felony bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors.^[281] In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals, a former school superintendent and supply vendor^[282] for a $12 million (~$14.9 million in 2023) kickback scheme.^[283]^[284] However, law professor Peter Henning argues Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size, especially when compared with Chicago.^[285]

Detroit is sometimes referred to as a sanctuary city because it has "anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime".^[286] The city in recent years has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party, with around 94% of votes in the city going to Joe Biden, the Democratic candidate in the 2020 Presidential election.

Education

Colleges and universities

College of Business Administration, University of Detroit Mercy

Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, in northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is downtown across from the Renaissance Center.^[287]

Grand Valley State University's Detroit Center hosts workshops, seminars, professional development, and other large gatherings. Located in the heart of downtown next to Comerica Park and the Detroit Athletic Club, the center has become a key component for educational activity in the city.^[288]

Sacred Heart Major Seminary, founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus at the Detroit Medical Center.

Primary and secondary schools

As of 2016^[update] many K-12 students in Detroit frequently change schools, with some children having been enrolled in seven schools before finishing their K-12 careers. There is a concentration of senior high schools and charter schools in the downtown area, which had wealthier residents and more gentrification relative to other parts of Detroit: Downtown, northwest Detroit, and northeast Detroit have 1,894, 3,742, and 6,018 students of high school age, respectively, while they have 11, three, and two high schools, respectively.^[289] As of 2016^[update] because of the lack of public transportation and the lack of school bus services, many Detroit families have to rely on themselves to transport children to school.^[289]

Public schools and charter schools

With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 56,000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000 students.^[290]^[291] As of 2009^[update] there are about as many students in charter schools as there are in district schools.^[292] As of 2016^[update] DPS continues to have the majority of the special education pupils. In addition, some Detroit students, as of 2016, attend public schools in other municipalities.^[289]

In 1999, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new 11-member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.^[293]

With growing charter schools enrollment as well as a continued exodus of population, the city planned to close many public schools.^[290] State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.^[294]^[295] Traditional public and charter school students in the city have performed poorly on standardized tests. c. 2009 and 2011, while Detroit traditional public schools scored a record low on national tests, the publicly funded charter schools did even worse than the traditional public schools.^[296]^[297] As of 2016^[update] there were 30,000 excess openings in Detroit traditional public and charter schools, bearing in mind the number of K-12-aged children in the city. In 2016, Kate Zernike of The New York Times stated school performance did not improve despite the proliferation of charters, describing the situation as "lots of choice, with no good choice".^[289]

Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.^[298] Nearly half of Detroit's adults are functionally illiterate.^[299]

Private schools

Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013^[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side.^[300] The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.^[301]^[302] Of the three Catholic high schools, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.^[303]^[304]

Media

Offices of the *Detroit Free Press* and *Detroit News*

The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Media Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.^[305] In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days per week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.^[306] The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.^[307]

Founded in 1935 and based in Detroit, the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America, covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events.^[308] The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;^[309] according to estimates that do not include audiences in large areas of Ontario (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.^[309]

Detroit has the 11th largest radio market in the United States,^[310] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.^[310] Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor's CKLW (whose jingles formerly proclaimed "CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.^[311]

Infrastructure

Health systems

There are over a dozen major hospitals, which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the city.^[312] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States and the fourth largest medical school overall.^[312]

Harper Hospital and Hutzel Women's Hospital

DMC formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for-profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the DMC complex.^[313]^[314] Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations.^[313] The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

In 2011, DMC and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New Center.^[313]^[315] In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in New Center. The Henry Ford Health System started the first phase of a $500 million, 300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30 million, 275,000-square-foot, Medical Distribution Center for Cardinal Health, Inc.^[316]^[317] and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).^[318]^[319] As many as 500 researchers and staff will work out of the IBio Center.^[320]

Transportation

With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.^[321]

In 2015 Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced Canada agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion and is expected to open in 2024.^[322] "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border", Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons. ^[323]

Transit systems

Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. The Detroit Department of Transportation provides service within city limits up to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs and the city regionally with local routes and SMART's FAST service. FAST is a new service provided by SMART which offers limited stops along major corridors throughout the Detroit metropolitan area connecting the suburbs to downtown. The new high-frequency service travels along three of Detroit's busiest corridors, Gratiot, Woodward, and Michigan, and only stops at designated FAST stops. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.^[324]

An elevated rail system known as the People Mover, completed in 1987, provides daily service around a 2.94-mile (4.73 km) loop downtown. The QLINE serves as a link between the People Mover and the Amtrak station via Woodward Avenue.^[325] The Ann Arbor–Detroit Regional Rail line will extend from New Center, connecting to Ann Arbor via Dearborn, Wayne, and Ypsilanti when it is opened.^[326]

The Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in 2012 to oversee and coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's first project was the introduction of RelfeX, a limited-stop, cross-county bus service connecting downtown and midtown Detroit with Oakland county via Woodward avenue.^[327]

Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its Wolverine service between Chicago and Pontiac. The Amtrak station is in New Center north of downtown. Intercity bus service is offered at the Detroit Bus Station. Greyhound Lines, Flixbus, Indian Trails, and Barons Bus Lines connect Detroit with numerous cities across the Midwest.

Car ownership

The city of Detroit has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 24.7% of Detroit households lacked a car, much higher than the national average of 8.7%. Detroit averaged 1.15 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[328]

Freight railroads

Freight railroad operations in the city of Detroit are provided by Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, Conrail Shared Assets, CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway, each of which have local yards within the city. Detroit is also served by the Delray Connecting Railroad and Detroit Connecting Railroad shortlines.^[329]

Airports

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is in nearby Romulus. DTW is a primary hub for Delta Air Lines (following its acquisition of Northwest Airlines), and a secondary hub for Spirit Airlines. The airport is connected to Downtown Detroit by the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) FAST Michigan route.^[330]

Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter service and general aviation.^[331] Willow Run Airport, in western Wayne County near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.^[332]

Freeways

Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via I-75 and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.^[333]

I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.^[333]

I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.^[333]

Floating post office

Detroit has a floating post office, the J. W. Westcott II, which serves lake freighters along the Detroit River. Its ZIP Code is 48222.^[334] The ZIP Code is used exclusively for the J. W. Westcott II, which makes it the only floating ZIP Code in the United States. It has a land-based office at 12 24th Street, just south of the Ambassador Bridge. The J.W. Westcott Company was established in 1874 by Captain John Ward Westcott as a maritime reporting agency to inform other vessels about port conditions,^[335] and the J. W. Westcott II vessel began service in 1949 and is still in operation today.^[336]

Notable people

Sister cities

Detroit's sister cities include the following:^[337]

Chongqing, China
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Kitwe, Zambia
Minsk, Belarus
Nassau, Bahamas
Toyota, Japan^[338]
Turin, Italy^[339]

Notes

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for Detroit were kept at downtown from January 1874 to December 1933, Detroit City Airport from February 1934 to March 1966, and at DTW since April 1966. For more information, see ThreadEx.
^ ^a ^b From 15% sample
^ Commemorated in the movie 8 Mile (2002)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Detroit". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 27, 2009..
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2023". United States Census Bureau. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
^ "Detroit – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. April 25, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "QuickFacts: Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ "Michigan - Cultural life". Britannica. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
^ Clark, Anna (May 18, 2015). "An insider's cultural guide to Detroit: The Motor City moves on". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Nolan, Jenny (June 15, 1999).How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town Archived July 9, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
^ "Detroit bankruptcy officially over, finances handed back to the city". WXYZ. December 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area | FRED | St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Livengood, Chad (March 3, 2019). "Commentary: A MEGA bargain for Michigan's future". Crain's Detroit Business. Detroit. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
^ Emmott, Robin (April 19, 2007). "Massive traffic cripples Tijuana border crossing". Reuters.
^ "Travel USA Visitor Profile". Michigan Economic Development Corporation Box. Longwoods International. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
^ Hadley Keller (December 16, 2015). "Detroit Named First American City of Design by UNESCO". Architectural Digest.
^ Rousseau, Mary (October 16, 2018). "How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?". Michigan. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
^ "Detroit word origin". Etymologeek. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
^ "La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Érié, 1764". Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ List of U.S. place names of French origin
^ Lemke, Ashley (2015). "Great Lakes Rangifer and Paleoindians: Archaeological and Paleontological Caribou Remains from Michigan". PaleoAmerica. 1 (3): 277. doi:10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000003. ISSN 2055-5563. S2CID 129841191.
^ Teasdale, Guillaume (2012). "Old Friends and New Foes: French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region". Michigan Historical Review. 38 (2): 35–62. doi:10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0035.
^ DeVito, Lee. "How New Red Order and MOCAD could redefine 'land acknowledgment' for Indigenous people". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e William Brandon (1961). Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (ed.). The American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 187–219. LCCN 61-14871.
^ Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit, 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. pp. 15. ISBN 0814329144.
^ Riley, John L. (2013). The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4177-1., p. 56.
^ Stechschulte, Michael (March 1, 2020). "Pope names Ste. Anne Church a basilica, cementing historic parish's importance to Detroit". Detroit Catholic. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
^ French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries – Detroit Archived August 24, 2004, at the Wayback Machine. Archives of Ontario July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ Ross, Marc (January 18, 2017). "Why Detroit is Built to Succeed: Looking at Detroit's Past to See Its Future". Diplomatic Courier. Global Affairs Media. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ "The French & Indian War, Seven Years War Summary". Totally History. September 9, 2011.
^ Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown, Many Roads to Red River (2001), p69
^ ""History of Detroit: A Chronicle of Its Progress" Page 71, 1912". Mocavo.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
^ "Museum Outreach". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov.
^ LaForest, James (March 7, 2014). "'Muskrat French': French-Canadian River Culture in the Windsor/Detroit Region". Voyageur Heritage: Community Journal and Resource Guide. James LaForest. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
^ Beneteau, Marcel. "Detroit River: A Special Place in French North American History". Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
^ "Ste. Anne of Detroit" Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, St. Anne Church. Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
^ "Great Fire of 1805 | Detroit Historical Society". detroithistorical.org.
^ "RICHARD, FATHER GABRIEL". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "FLAG OF DETROIT". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Flag of Detroit | Detroit Historical Society". detroithistorical.org. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "River Raisin National Battlefield Park". Nps.gov.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.
^ Jackman, Michael (June 1, 2018). "How the Woodward Plan for greater Detroit died 200 years ago today". Detroit Metro Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
^ Chadwick, Bruce (1999). Traveling the underground railroad : a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group. p. 272. ISBN 0806520930.
^ US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center (1995). Underground Railroad. DIANE Publishing. p. 168.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Tobin, Jacqueline L. From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad. Anchor, 2008. p200-209
^ Rosentreter, Roger (July/August 1998). "Come on you Wolverines, Michigan at Gettysburg", Michigan History.
^ "Why do Hamtramck and Highland Park exist inside the city of Detroit?". Wdet.org. September 19, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ "Biggest US Cities in 1920 - Historical Population Data". www.biggestuscities.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
^ "Important U.S. Labor Leaders: Jimmy Hoffa". Cross Currents. CULCON (A Digital Cultural Resource of the US-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange). 2003. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ "Detroit Race Riots 1943" Archived March 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Eleanor Roosevelt, WGBH, American Experience, PBS (June 20, 1983). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.
^ Bak, Richard (February 23, 2009). "The Dark Days of the Black Legion". Hour Detroit. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
^ Sugrue, Thomas J. (March 26, 2011). "A Dream Still Deferred". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ Reynolds Farley; Sheldon Danziger; Harry J. Holzer (2002). "The Evolution of Racial Segregation". Detroit divided. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-281-6.
^ Route Listings: M-8. Michigan Highways. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
^ Nolan, Jenny (January 28, 1997).Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy Archived December 4, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
^ Philip A. Klinkner, Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America – Google Books. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
^ Dominic J. Capeci, Jr., and Martha Wilkerson, "The Detroit Rioters of 1943: A Reinterpretation", Michigan Historical Review, January 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp. 49–72.
^ "The 1943 Detroit race riots – Michigan History" Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Detroit News, February 10, 1999; Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
^ ^a ^b ^c Sugrue, Thomas J. (August 21, 2005). The origins of the urban crisis: race and inequality in postwar Detroit : with a new preface by the author (1st Princeton Classic ed.). Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12186-9. OCLC 59879791.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw (2000) The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City. p. 232
^ "News+Views: Back track" Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Metro Times, Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
^ "Metro Detroit job sprawl worst in U.S.; many jobs beyond reach of poor" Archived April 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Detroit Free Press. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
^ s. "1967 Detroit Riots". HISTORY. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ "23 June 1963 Speech at the Great March on Detroit". Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
^ Sidney Fine, Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (1989)
^ "The 10 most-costly riots in the U.S." Chicago Tribune. November 26, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Meinke, Samantha (September 2011). "Milliken v Bradley: The Northern Battle for Desegregation" (PDF). Michigan Bar Journal. 90 (9): 20–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ Sedler, Robert A. (1987). "The Profound Impact of Milliken v Bradley". Wayne Law Review. 33 (5): 1693. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ Marshall, Justice Thurgood (1974). "This Supreme Court Case Made School District Lines A Tool For Segregation". NPR. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Squandered opportunities leave Detroit isolated" Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Remapping Debate website. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
^ "Detroit Police Department". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
^ Austin, Dan (February 6, 2015). "How metro Detroit transit went from best to worst". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
^ Felton, Ryan (March 11, 2014). "How Detroit ended up with the worst public transit". Metro Times. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
^ Risen, James (September 18, 1985). "Poletown Becomes Just a Memory: GM Plant Opens, Replacing Old Detroit Neighborhood". Los Angeles Times.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Development and Growth". City of Detroit Partnership. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ ^a ^b Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). "The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors", Detroit Free Press. Quote: A Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."
^ "Detroit and Deindustrialization | Dollars & Sense". www.dollarsandsense.org. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ "Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. May 10, 1988. NTSB/AAR-88/05. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
^ "East Riverfront History". Detroit Economic Growth Corporation. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
^ Bleiberg, Larry (April 10, 2015). "10 Best: Campus Martius among parks that revived cities". Detroit Free Press.
^ "Campus Martius Park". Project For Public Spaces. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
^ Walsh, Tom (September 2, 2014). "High Tech Companies Key to Detroit's Future". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ WELLS-REID, ELLIOTT (July 22, 2001). "Tricentennial Celebration". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
^ "Ex Detroit Mayor Faces New Corruption Charges". National Public Radio. December 15, 2010.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Baldas, Tresa; Shaefer, Jim; Damron, Gina (October 10, 2013). "'Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ Baldas, Tresa (October 6, 2013). "How corruption deepened Detroit's crisis". USA Today. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ MacDonald, Christine; Wilkinson, Mike (February 21, 2013). "Half of Detroit property owners don't pay taxes". Detroit News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013.
^ Eagleton, Terry (July 2007). "Detroit Arcadia". Harper's Magazine. Vol. July 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ Williams, Corey (March 1, 2013). "Governor declares financial emergency in Detroit – Yahoo! Finance". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ "Debt default by Detroit city rocks bondholders". Detroit Star. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ "Creditors to fight Detroit insolvency claim". The Detroit News. July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
^ Lichterman, Joseph; Woodall, Bernie (December 3, 2013). "In largest-ever U.S. city bankruptcy, cuts coming for Detroit creditors, retirees". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
^ Davey, Monica; Williams Walsh, Mary (November 7, 2014). "Plan to Exit Bankruptcy Is Approved for Detroit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.
^ Stryker, Nathan Bomey, John Gallagher and Mark (November 9, 2014). "HOW DETROIT WAS REBORN". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Reindl, JC (November 11, 2014). "Detroit Rising: And then there were streetlights". Detroit Free Press.
^ Wallace, Nicole (August 11, 2014). "Detroit Charity Turns Blight into Gardens, Parks, and Homes". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
^ "Farm City Detroit". City Parks Alliance. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
^ Marcus, Jonathan (July 11, 2019). "Michigan Central and the rebirth of Detroit". BBC News. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
^ Thibodeau, Ian (February 4, 2016). "Windows at Michigan Central Station completed on time and budget". M Live. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ Williams, Candice (January 29, 2020). "Ford will make Michigan Central Depot a place for mobility innovators, disruptors". The Detroit News. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ Hammel, Katie (May 6, 2016). "Detroit, finally on the verge of a real renaissance". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
^ Davey, Monica (April 30, 2018). "Detroit Was Crumbling. Here's How It's Reviving". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Mondry, Aaron (November 25, 2019). "Trends that defined Detroit in the 2010s". Detroit Curbed. Retrieved June 12, 2023. With more investment comes higher property values. Much higher. … But as property values rise, so do rents. In a city where 35 percent of its population is below the poverty line, that can result in displacement and parts of the city being unaffordable to people in lower income brackets.
^ Mondry, Aaron (November 21, 2019). "10 redevelopments that shaped Detroit over the last 10 years". Curbed Detroit. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ Carlisle, John (May 24, 2020). "Detroit neighborhood group sees gentrification as the enemy". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ Moskowitz, Peter (February 5, 2015). "The two Detroits: a city both collapsing and gentrifying at the same time". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ "America's 10 Fastest-Gentrifying Neighborhoods". Real Estate News and Advice | Realtor.com®. April 15, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ "Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
^ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ "Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau". Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ "Figure 3.1: Map showing the location of Detroit in Michigan, USA". ResearchGate. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "About the Refuge". Detroit River. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
^ Perkins, Almon. "The Historical Geography of Detroit". Michigan Historical Commission. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
^ "Detroit High Point". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
^ "Great Lakes, Connecting Channels and St. Lawrence River Water Levels and Depths". United States Army Corps of Engineers – Detroit District. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
^ "Belle Isle Park | Visit Detroit Itinerary". VisitDetroit.com. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
^ D'Amours, Andrew (July 5, 2020). "In Which Direction Must You Drive To Enter Canada If You Are In Detroit?". Flytrippers. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
^ Zacharias, Patricia (January 23, 2000). The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit Archived July 10, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
^ "The Detroit Salt Company --Explore the City under the City". Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hill, Eric J.; John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press.
^ ^a ^b Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
^ By, Sponsored. "University Commons - Palmer Park". Model D. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
^ "Weekly List - National Register of Historic Places (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
^ Pfeffer, Jaime (September 12, 2006). "Falling for Brush Park". Model D Media. Retrieved on April 21, 2009.
^ Cityscape Detroit.www.cityscapedetroit.org Archived December 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
^ Gallagher, John (July 14, 2014). "Hockey, basketball, housing and more: Ilitches unveil 'bold vision' for Red Wings & Pistons arena district". Detroit Free Press.
^ "The District Detroit". www.thedistrictdetroit.com. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
^ "Our Story | Detroit Riverfront Conservancy". detroitriverfront.org.
^ Editorial: "At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront", Detroit News, December 13, 2002
^ ^a ^b ^c Detroit Parcel Survey. Retrieved on July 23, 2011.
^ Bigda, Carolyn, Erin Chambers, Lawrence Lanahan, Joe Light, Sarah Max, and Jennifer Merritt.Detroit Best place to retire: Downtown Archived December 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. CNNMoney. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Vitullo-Martin, Julio, (December 22, 2007). "The Biggest Mies Collection: His Lafayette Park residential development thrives in Detroit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ Rodriguez, Cindy (May 23, 2007). "A Detroit success story: Can-do spirit revives southwest neighborhood". Detroit News.
^ Williams, Corey (February 28, 2008).New Latino Wave Helps Revitalize Detroit. USA Today. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Associated Press (February 10, 2010). Survey. Mlive.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Housing in Detroit". Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011. 95% of Detroit homes are deemed suitable for occupancy, 86% of Detroit's single family homes are in good condition, 9% are generally in need of minor repair
^ Gallagher, John (February 20, 2010). "Survey finds third of Detroit lots vacant". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1A, 9A. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
^ Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (March 2, 2010).Intensive property survey captures state of Detroit housing, vacancy. Model D. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ "Crews to start tearing down derelict buildings in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. April 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Next Detroit". Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2009.. City of Detroit. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ Saulny, Susan (June 20, 2010). "Razing the City to Save the City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
^ "Community Development". Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2009.. DEGA. Retrieved on January 2, 2009.
^ Detroit Neighborhood Fund Archived February 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
^ Rose, Judy (May 11, 2003). Detroit to revive 1 neighborhood at a time. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ Kaffer, Nancy (July 27, 2011). "Detroit Works project to be measured in three demonstration areas". Crain's Detroit. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
^ Lyons, Mickey (February 2, 2023). "In search of greenspace equity: A short history of Detroit's parks". Planet Detroit. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
^ "Detroit, Michigan Climate Detroit, Michigan Temperatures Detroit, Michigan Weather Averages". Detroit.climatemps.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Muller, M. J. (December 6, 2012). Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-009-8040-2.
^ "Michigan - Climate". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data/". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ "Articles | Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française – histoire, culture, religion, héritage". Ameriquefrancaise.org. May 2, 1941. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ "Detroit/Metropolitan ARPT MI Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Historical UV Index Data - Detroit, MI". UV Index Today. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
^ "NOAA Online Weather Data: Detroit Area, MI". National Weather Service. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Detroit, Michigan, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Seelye, Katherine Q. (March 22, 2011). "Detroit Population Down 25 Percent, Census Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Huey, John (September 24, 2009). "Assignment Detroit: Why Time Inc. Is in Motown". Time. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009.
^ Bergmann, p. 39
^ "Median household income in the past 12 months". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
^ "Median family income in the past 12 months". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
^ "Poverty status in the past 12 months by age". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States; Wayne County, Michigan; Detroit city, Michigan". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
^ "Detroit (city), Michigan". Data IndyStar. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021.
^ "Detroit (city), Michigan". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006.
^ "37722966v1p24ch3.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2024.
^ "00496492v1p3.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2024.
^ "1980 census of population. Characteristics of the population" (PDF). Retrieved October 9, 2024.
^ "Michigan: 1990" (PDF). Retrieved September 12, 2024.
^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
^ ^a ^b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
^ Baulch, Vivian M. (September 4, 1999). Michigan's greatest treasure – Its people Archived July 31, 2007, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on October 22, 2007.
^ Vivian M. Baulch, Archived July 10, 2012, at archive.today "How Detroit got its first black hospital", The Detroit News, November 28, 1995.
^ "Important Cities in Black History". Infoplease.com.
^ Sugrue, Thomas J. (2014). The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-691-16255-3.
^ "INS Records for 1930s Mexican Repatriations | USCIS". www.uscis.gov. July 29, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^ Denvir, Daniel. "The Paradox of Mexicantown: Detroit's Uncomfortable Relationship With the Immigrants it Desperately Needs". (Archive) The Atlantic Cities. September 24, 2012. Retrieved on January 15, 2013.
^ "B03001 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin – 2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Detroit city, Michigan". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
^ Detroitblogger John. "Southland". (Archive) Metro Times. April 28, 2010. Retrieved on May 12, 2012.
^ Grazulis, Marius K. (2009). Lithuanians in Michigan. Michigan State University Press. ISBN 9780870138133. JSTOR 10.14321/j.ctt7ztcn0.
^ (November 28, 2006). Southwest Detroit's Lithuanian Hall to reopen after $2 million renovation, Modeldmedia.com
^ Bello, Marisol (November 28, 2006). "Lithuanian center to reopen Thursday". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013.
^ "Detroit". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ Wisely, John; Spangler, Todd (March 24, 2011). "Motor City population declines 25%". USA Today. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
^ Towbridge, Gordon. "Racial divide widest in U.S." Archived June 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The Detroit News. January 14, 2002. Retrieved on March 30, 2009.
^ Wilkinson, Mike (March 29, 2011). "Metro Detroit no longer most segregated". Yahoo News. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Metzger, Kurt; Booza, Jason (January 2002). "Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit" (PDF). Center for Urban Studies. Wayne State University. Archived from the original (Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 8) on November 9, 2013.
^ Chou, Kimberly (December 7, 2006). "Growing up Hmong in Detroit". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
^ Archambault, Dennis. "Young and Asian in Detroit". (Archive) Model D Media. Issue Media Group, LLC. Tuesday November 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 5, 2012.
^ Stevens, William K. (April 28, 1974). "April in Detroit Is Murder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ "Detroit Reports Rise in Homicides". The New York Times. March 7, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ "2022 Homicide Statistics for 24 U.S. Cities" (PDF). RIT Center for Public Safety Initiatives. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
^ Booza, Jason C. (July 23, 2008).Reality v. Perceptions: An Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit. (Archive) Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, Wayne State University Center for Urban Studies. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
^ Shelton, Steve M. (January 30, 2008). "Top cop urges vigilance against crime". Michigan Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
^ "Kym Worthy on reported Detroit crime drop: 'Public knows those numbers aren't true'". Michigan Live. April 4, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
^ "Offense Analysis, United States, 2007 to 2011". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
^ "Detroit crime rates and statistics". Neighborhood Scout. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "Most Expensive Cities for Car Insurance". yahoo.com. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012. I ... it has a high crime rate – it scored an 889 on the City-Data.com 2010 crime index, ... * Source: Runzheimer International. Average insurance rates are as of August 2011, and based on business driving for a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu LS. Assumes $100,000/$300,000/$50,000 liability limits, collision, and comprehensive with $500 deductibles, 100/300 uninsured motorist coverage, and any mandatory insurance coverage.
^ "Detroit Sector Michigan | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". Cbp.gov. August 21, 2023.
^ Crain's Detroit Business: Largest Detroit Employers (August 2013 ). Retrieved on January 12, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, The Social Compact Inc., University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program, (October 2006).Downtown Detroit in Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Economic Growth Corporation and Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.
^ Henion, Andy (March 22, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion. The Detroit News.(About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.
^ "Ford Motor Company | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ "WSU economic development leader named TechTown president and CEO - Wayne State University". Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
^ "Ford Motor Co. REVEALS PLANS for its New Corktown Campus". November 17, 2020.
^ "The Corktown campus is composed of several buildings". Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
^ Muller, David (March 8, 2013). "While companies move into Downtown Detroit, suburbs continue to suffer". Mlive.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Howes, Daniel (November 12, 2007). Quicken moving to downtown Detroit. The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Press Release, 12–41". Uspto.gov. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
^ "Detroit, MI Unemployment Rate". Ycharts.com. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
^ Morice, Zach (September 21, 2007).Planting community in fallow fields Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.
^ The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact, Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity Archived September 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.
^ Maynard, Micheline (July 29, 2013). "Detroit's Developers Unfazed by Bankruptcy". Time. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.
^ Lawrence Tech anchoring Midtown Detroit development, joining neighborhood's boom. MLive.com (May 7, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.
^ Sands, David (June 1, 2013). "Detroit Development Projects, Real Estate Investments Are Booming in 2013". HuffPost.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harrison, Sheena (June 25, 2007). DEGA enlists help to spur Detroit retail Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved on November 28, 2007. "New downtown residents are largely young professionals according to Social Compact".
^ Muller, Joanne (July 10, 2012). "A Shocking Sight in Downtown Detroit – People". Forbes. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Reppert, Joe (October 2007).Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down Archived September 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Social Compact. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.
^ "Detroit 7.2". Hudson-Webber Foundation. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "MARY KRAMER: Rebuilding city takes patience, vision – Crain's Detroit Business". Crainsdetroit.com. September 28, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ "First Meijer super center store opens in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
^ New $20M Meijer Store Opens In Detroit. CBS Detroit (July 25, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.
^ Helms, Matt (June 11, 2015). "Meijer opens its 2nd Detroit store amid song, donations". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ Livengood, Chad (June 26, 2019). "JPMorgan Chase expanding Detroit investment to $200 Million".
^ Danner, Marcia (July 2, 2007). "Waterfront Living: River rebirth draws residents downtown". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ La Canfora, Jason (February 4, 2006). "Detroit's Big Party Next Door. In Windsor, Temptation Waits for Players, Fans". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Bailey, Ruby L (August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors. Detroit Free Press. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."
^ Lawrence, Peter (2009).Interview with Michigan's Governor Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Corporate Design Foundation. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
^ "Michigan Cities". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007. [Detroit] is the automobile capital of the world
^ "SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit". Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Zacharias, Patricia (August 22, 2000). "Detroit, the City of Champions". Michigan History, The Detroit News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gavrilovich, Peter; Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac (2nd ed.). Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.
^ "Searching for "Motown" within on Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ "Firsts and facts". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2008. Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
^ Arts & Culture Archived April 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Detroit Economic Growth Corporation. Retrieved on July 24, 2008. "Detroit is home to the second largest theatre district in the United States."
^ "The Graystone Online". Internet Public Library of the University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c Carson, David A. (2005). Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11503-0.
^ Girl Groups – Fabulous Females Who Rocked The World, by John Clemente
^ Jessica Edwards. "High Tech Soul". Plexifilm. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ Gallaher, John and Kathleen Gray and Chris Christoff (February 3, 2009). "Pontiac film studio to bring jobs". Detroit Free Press.
^ Ford, Robert C.; Peeper, William C. (August 1, 2007). "The past as prologue: Predicting the future of the convention and visitor bureau industry on the basis of its history". Tourism Management. 28 (4): 1104–1114. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.002. ISSN 0261-5177.
^ "Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau Profile". Top Workplaces. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
^ "About Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau". Visit Detroit. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
^ "52 Places to Go in 2017". NYT Travel, The New York Times. January 4, 2017. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.
^ "Top 10 cities to visit in 2018". Lonely Planet. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.
^ "Detroit: World's Greatest Places 2022". Time. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
^ America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Archived October 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress Retrieved August 14, 2011.
^ "History of Eastern Market". Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008.. Eastern Market Merchant's Association. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.
^ "Eastern Market". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2007.. Model D Media (April 5, 2008). Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ "Midtown". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2007.. Model D Media (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on January 24, 2011.
^ "The Parade Company | Home of America's Thanksgiving Day Parade". Theparade.org. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ Fifth Third Bank rocks the Winter Blast. Michigan Chronicle. (March 14, 2006).
^ Baulch, Vivian M. (August 4, 1998). Marshall Fredericks – the Spirit of Detroit Archived July 11, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
^ Block, Dustin (November 22, 2016). "Pistons move makes Detroit only North American city with 4 pro teams in its downtown". Clickondetroit.com.
^ "Rearview Mirror index". Detroit News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "Detroit City Football Club". Detcityfc.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "Indy racing will return to Detroit". SportingNews.com. Associated Press. September 29, 2006. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Altavena, Eric D. Lawrence, Paul Egan, Clara Hendrickson, Darcie Moran, Dana Afana, Eric Guzmán and Lily. "Final day of NFL draft was a victory lap for fans, families and Detroit". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 28, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Charter of the City of Detroit" (PDF). detroitmi.gov. City of Detroit. January 1, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Ward, George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision – A Brief History Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Citizens Research Council of Michigan (pdf file).
^
"The Detroit Charter and City Government ARTICLE 9. CHAPTER 1. COMMUNITY ADVISORY COUNCILS". detcharter.com. 2012 Detroit Charter Revision Commission. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
- "Detroiters Push to Establish Community Advisory Councils in City Districts". wdet.org. WDET 101.9 and Wayne State University. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- "Action Alert: City Council Evening Meeting Monday March 3rd". detroitpeoplesplatform.org. Detroit Peoples Platform. March 3, 2012. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- "Wayne Co., Mi General Election 11/08/16 Total Results" (PDF). waynecounty.com. County of Wayne. November 23, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- Losinski, Brendan (October 15, 2019). "Community Advisory Council approved for Detroit's 4th District". candgnews.com. C & G Publishing. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- "Community Activist Files 1,570 Signatures to Create Community Advisory Council". telegramnews.net. Telegram Newspaper. October 3, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- "City of Detroit Community Advisory Council District 4 Partial Term Ending 01/01/2022" (PDF). waynecounty.com. Wayne County Michigan. November 5, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- Carter, Piper (October 25, 2022). "Detroit Community Advisory Council {CAC} Candidates Running For District 5 on Nov 8". Youtube.com. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
- "District 5 Community Advisory Council". detroitmi.gov. City of Detroit. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ Nelson, Gabe (November 3, 2009).Voters overwhelmingly approve Detroit Proposal D. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.
^ "Police Department". City of Detroit. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
^ "Detroit Fire Department". City of Detroit. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
^ "Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies". CNN. November 29, 1997.
^ "Detroit Council Approves Plan For 3 Casinos". The New York Times. April 10, 1998. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
^ Lin, Judy and David Joser, (August 30, 2005). Detroit to trim 150 cops, precincts. Detroit News.
^ Abbey-Lambertz, Kate (August 29, 2013). "Detroit Corruption Rooted Out As Felony Bribery Charges Filed Against 7 Building Inspectors". HuffPost.
^ Baldas, Tresa (April 17, 2016). "Vendor in DPS corruption case lived like a king". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ Cwiek, Sarah (April 22, 2016). "(The Latest) Corruption Charges in Detroit's Struggling Schools". NPR.
^ Quinlan, Casey (March 30, 2016). "Feds Bring Corruption Charges Against Current And Former Detroit School Principals". Thinkprogress.org. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ Gabriel, Larry (March 14, 2012). "How corrupt is Detroit?". Detroit Metro Times.
^ Jonathan Oosting, Push to ban 'sanctuary cities' in Michigan faces criticism from immigrant advocates, MLive (September 30, 2015).
^ "Walking Directions between University of Detroit Mercy School of Law and Renaissance Center" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ "Detroit Center - Grand Valley State University". Gvsu.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zernike, Kate (June 29, 2016). "A Sea of Charter Schools in Detroit Leaves Students Adrift". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2019. Dawn Wilson's four oldest children have attended between five and seven schools each – not uncommon in Detroit – moving among charter schools, traditional schools, private religious schools and suburban districts that take Detroit students,
^ ^a ^b Hing, Julianne (March 17, 2010).Where Have All The Students Gone? Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Color Lines.com. Retrieved on August 19, 2010.
^ Dawsey, Chastity Pratt (October 20, 2011). Detroit Public Schools hits enrollment goal. Detroit Free Press
^ Winerip, Michael. "For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms". The New York Times. March 13, 2011. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.
^ LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board Archived June 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. WXYZ.com.
^ Shultz, Marissa and Greg Wilkerson (June 13, 2007).Graduation rate. Detroit News. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Detroit Public Schools news Archived January 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (June 15, 2007). Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ Resmovits, Joy (July 8, 2011). "Detroit Charter High Schools Underperform Public Counterparts, Analysis Shows". HuffPost.
^ Erb, Robin and Chastity Pratt Dawsey. "Detroit students' scores a record low on national test". Detroit Free Press. December 8, 2009.
^ Lewis, Shawn D. (October 28, 2015). "Detroit worst in math, reading scores among big cities". Detroitnews.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ "Nearly Half Of Detroit's Adults Are Functionally Illiterate, Report Finds". HuffPost. May 7, 2011.
^ "Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures" (Archive). Detroit Free Press. February 1, 2013. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.
^ "Detroit Catholic high school 'sees God in the challenges'". Educationreport.org. August 16, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ Pratt, Chastity, Patricia Montemurri, and Lori Higgins. "Parents, Kids Scramble As Education Options Narrow". Detroit Free Press. March 17, 2005. A1 News. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.
^ "Archdiocese of Detroit – Schools". Aodonline.org. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "About | Detroit Cristo Rey High School". Detroitcristorey.org. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "Detroit Goodfellows > Home". Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
^ "Bold Transformation Of Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News Lead Nation And Industry With Expanded Digital Offerings; Launch Of New Magazine; Colorful, Easy-To-Use Newsstand Editions". Detroitmedia.com. December 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "Metro Times". Metro Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "Michigan Chronicle". Michronicleonline.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Nielson Company
^ ^a ^b "Market Ranks and Schedule". Arbitron.com. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
^ Ltd, TheGridNet. "About Detroit". The Detroit Grid. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Organization History and Profile". Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2006. Wayne State University Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lane, Amy (June 11, 2010). "For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ Anstett, Patricia (March 20, 2010).$1.5 billion for new DMC. Detroit Free Press. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.
^ Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.
^ "Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development". HuffPost. May 30, 2012.
^ King, R. J. (October 2, 2014). "Block By Block". dbusiness.
^ Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).WSU to build $93M biotech hub. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.
^ "Wayne State University IBio – The Integrative Biosciences Center". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015.
^ "Wayne State breaks ground on Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Building". Media.wayne.edu. July 2, 2020.
^ Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary Archived November 18, 2005, at the Wayback Machine (May 11, 2005). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
^ "Welcome". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
^ "$250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada". CBC News. February 18, 2015.
^ "Routes and Schedules". Transit Windsor. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Construction Starts on Detroit Rail". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. Associated Press. July 28, 2014. p. 5A.
^ Ann Arbor – Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.
^ Lawrence, Eric D. (September 19, 2016). "New express bus connects Detroit to Somerset mall". Detroit Free Press.
^ Maciag, Mike (December 9, 2014). "Vehicle Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024.
^ "Michigan's Railroad System" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
^ "Ride Smart-Fast". Smartbus.org. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ Sapte, Benjamin (2003). "Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971". Archived from the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2007.. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ "Home | Willow Run Airport". Home | Willow Run Airport. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cantor, George (2005). Detroit: An Insiders Guide to Michigan. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-03092-2.
^ "ZIP Code 48222: Detroit, MI (Detroit River Station)". www,zipcodestogo.com. 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
^ "48222". 48222. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
^ Kelley, Tyler J. (August 20, 2016). "A Mail Boat Stays Afloat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ "Some things you may not have known about Detroit". michiganchronicle.com. Michigan Chronicle. August 4, 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
^ "International Sister Cities". City.toyota.aichi.jp. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "Twinnings and Agreements". Comune.torino.it. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

External links

Official website
Detroit Regional Chamber
Labor, Urban Affairs and Detroit History archival collections at the Walter P. Reuther Library
Virtual Motor City Collection at Wayne State University Library, contains over 30,000 images of Detroit from 1890 to 1980
"In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy". The New York Times. March 26, 2018.

[159] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

[160] Official records for Detroit were kept at downtown from January 1874 to December 1933, Detroit City Airport from February 1934 to March 1966, and at DTW since April 1966. For more information, see ThreadEx.

[fifteen-179] From 15% sample

[248] Commemorated in the movie 8 Mile (2002)

[GNIS-1] "Detroit". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 27, 2009..

[CenPopGazetteer2020-2] "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.

[USCensusEst2021-3] "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

[USCensusEst2023-4] "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2023". United States Census Bureau. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.

[urban_area-5] "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

[2020Pop-6] "2020 Population and Housing State Data". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.

[7] "Total Gross Domestic Product for Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.

[8] "Detroit – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. April 25, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[QuickFacts-9] "QuickFacts: Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.

[10] "Michigan - Cultural life". Britannica. Retrieved July 9, 2022.

[11] Clark, Anna (May 18, 2015). "An insider's cultural guide to Detroit: The Motor City moves on". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2022.

[auto-12] Nolan, Jenny (June 15, 1999).How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town Archived July 9, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.

[13] "Detroit bankruptcy officially over, finances handed back to the city". WXYZ. December 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.

[14] "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area | FRED | St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved July 5, 2024.

[15] Livengood, Chad (March 3, 2019). "Commentary: A MEGA bargain for Michigan's future". Crain's Detroit Business. Detroit. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2020.

[16] Emmott, Robin (April 19, 2007). "Massive traffic cripples Tijuana border crossing". Reuters.

[17] "Travel USA Visitor Profile". Michigan Economic Development Corporation Box. Longwoods International. Retrieved July 20, 2022.

[18] Hadley Keller (December 16, 2015). "Detroit Named First American City of Design by UNESCO". Architectural Digest.

[19] Rousseau, Mary (October 16, 2018). "How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?". Michigan. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

[20] "Detroit word origin". Etymologeek. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

[RivièreduDétroit-21] "La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Érié, 1764". Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[22] List of U.S. place names of French origin

[lemke-23] Lemke, Ashley (2015). "Great Lakes Rangifer and Paleoindians: Archaeological and Paleontological Caribou Remains from Michigan". PaleoAmerica. 1 (3): 277. doi:10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000003. ISSN 2055-5563. S2CID 129841191.

[teasdale-24] Teasdale, Guillaume (2012). "Old Friends and New Foes: French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region". Michigan Historical Review. 38 (2): 35–62. doi:10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0035.

[:0-25] DeVito, Lee. "How New Red Order and MOCAD could redefine 'land acknowledgment' for Indigenous people". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved June 27, 2021.

[AmHeritageBk-26] William Brandon (1961). Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (ed.). The American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 187–219. LCCN 61-14871.

[27] Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit, 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. pp. 15. ISBN 0814329144.

[Riley-28] Riley, John L. (2013). The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4177-1., p. 56.

[29] Stechschulte, Michael (March 1, 2020). "Pope names Ste. Anne Church a basilica, cementing historic parish's importance to Detroit". Detroit Catholic. Retrieved November 13, 2023.

[30] French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries – Detroit Archived August 24, 2004, at the Wayback Machine. Archives of Ontario July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

[31] Ross, Marc (January 18, 2017). "Why Detroit is Built to Succeed: Looking at Detroit's Past to See Its Future". Diplomatic Courier. Global Affairs Media. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.

[32] "The French & Indian War, Seven Years War Summary". Totally History. September 9, 2011.

[33] Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown, Many Roads to Red River (2001), p69

[34] ""History of Detroit: A Chronicle of Its Progress" Page 71, 1912". Mocavo.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[35] "Museum Outreach". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov.

[36] LaForest, James (March 7, 2014). "'Muskrat French': French-Canadian River Culture in the Windsor/Detroit Region". Voyageur Heritage: Community Journal and Resource Guide. James LaForest. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[37] Beneteau, Marcel. "Detroit River: A Special Place in French North American History". Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[38] "Ste. Anne of Detroit" Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, St. Anne Church. Retrieved on April 29, 2006.

[39] "Great Fire of 1805 | Detroit Historical Society". detroithistorical.org.

[40] "RICHARD, FATHER GABRIEL". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[41] "FLAG OF DETROIT". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[42] "Flag of Detroit | Detroit Historical Society". detroithistorical.org. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[43] "River Raisin National Battlefield Park". Nps.gov.

[Woodford-44] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.

[45] Jackman, Michael (June 1, 2018). "How the Woodward Plan for greater Detroit died 200 years ago today". Detroit Metro Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.

[Chadwick-46] Chadwick, Bruce (1999). Traveling the underground railroad : a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group. p. 272. ISBN 0806520930.

[47] US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center (1995). Underground Railroad. DIANE Publishing. p. 168.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[48] Tobin, Jacqueline L. From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad. Anchor, 2008. p200-209

[49] Rosentreter, Roger (July/August 1998). "Come on you Wolverines, Michigan at Gettysburg", Michigan History.

[50] "Why do Hamtramck and Highland Park exist inside the city of Detroit?". Wdet.org. September 19, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[51] "Biggest US Cities in 1920 - Historical Population Data". www.biggestuscities.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021.

[52] "Important U.S. Labor Leaders: Jimmy Hoffa". Cross Currents. CULCON (A Digital Cultural Resource of the US-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange). 2003. Retrieved October 19, 2017.

[43riots-53] "Detroit Race Riots 1943" Archived March 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Eleanor Roosevelt, WGBH, American Experience, PBS (June 20, 1983). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.

[54] Bak, Richard (February 23, 2009). "The Dark Days of the Black Legion". Hour Detroit. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[census1-55] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.

[NYT26Mar11-56] Sugrue, Thomas J. (March 26, 2011). "A Dream Still Deferred". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2012.

[DetroitDivided-57] Reynolds Farley; Sheldon Danziger; Harry J. Holzer (2002). "The Evolution of Racial Segregation". Detroit divided. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-281-6.

[58] Route Listings: M-8. Michigan Highways. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.

[Willowrun-59] Nolan, Jenny (January 28, 1997).Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy Archived December 4, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.

[60] Philip A. Klinkner, Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America – Google Books. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.

[capeci-61] Dominic J. Capeci, Jr., and Martha Wilkerson, "The Detroit Rioters of 1943: A Reinterpretation", Michigan Historical Review, January 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp. 49–72.

[62] "The 1943 Detroit race riots – Michigan History" Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Detroit News, February 10, 1999; Retrieved on July 16, 2013.

[63] Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998

[tjs1-64] Sugrue, Thomas J. (August 21, 2005). The origins of the urban crisis: race and inequality in postwar Detroit : with a new preface by the author (1st Princeton Classic ed.). Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12186-9. OCLC 59879791.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Peter_Gavrilovich_2000_p.232-65] Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw (2000) The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City. p. 232

[66] "News+Views: Back track" Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Metro Times, Retrieved on July 16, 2013.

[67] "Metro Detroit job sprawl worst in U.S.; many jobs beyond reach of poor" Archived April 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Detroit Free Press. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.

[68] s. "1967 Detroit Riots". HISTORY. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[Detroit_Speech-69] "23 June 1963 Speech at the Great March on Detroit". Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.

[70] Sidney Fine, Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (1989)

[71] "The 10 most-costly riots in the U.S." Chicago Tribune. November 26, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2022.

[Meinke2011-72] Meinke, Samantha (September 2011). "Milliken v Bradley: The Northern Battle for Desegregation" (PDF). Michigan Bar Journal. 90 (9): 20–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2012.

[Sedler87-73] Sedler, Robert A. (1987). "The Profound Impact of Milliken v Bradley". Wayne Law Review. 33 (5): 1693. Retrieved July 29, 2012.

[74] Marshall, Justice Thurgood (1974). "This Supreme Court Case Made School District Lines A Tool For Segregation". NPR. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[remapp-75] "Squandered opportunities leave Detroit isolated" Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Remapping Debate website. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.

[76] "Detroit Police Department". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2015.

[77] Austin, Dan (February 6, 2015). "How metro Detroit transit went from best to worst". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

[78] Felton, Ryan (March 11, 2014). "How Detroit ended up with the worst public transit". Metro Times. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

[79] Risen, James (September 18, 1985). "Poletown Becomes Just a Memory: GM Plant Opens, Replacing Old Detroit Neighborhood". Los Angeles Times.

[partnership-80] "Development and Growth". City of Detroit Partnership. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[Bailey-81] Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). "The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors", Detroit Free Press. Quote: A Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."

[82] "Detroit and Deindustrialization | Dollars & Sense". www.dollarsandsense.org. Retrieved March 6, 2024.

[AAR-88-05_Final_Report-83] "Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. May 10, 1988. NTSB/AAR-88/05. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2015.

[84] "East Riverfront History". Detroit Economic Growth Corporation. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

[85] Bleiberg, Larry (April 10, 2015). "10 Best: Campus Martius among parks that revived cities". Detroit Free Press.

[86] "Campus Martius Park". Project For Public Spaces. Retrieved April 23, 2015.

[87] Walsh, Tom (September 2, 2014). "High Tech Companies Key to Detroit's Future". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 18, 2021.

[88] WELLS-REID, ELLIOTT (July 22, 2001). "Tricentennial Celebration". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved July 5, 2023.

[npr.org-89] "Ex Detroit Mayor Faces New Corruption Charges". National Public Radio. December 15, 2010.^{[dead link‍]}

[fed_sentence-90] Baldas, Tresa; Shaefer, Jim; Damron, Gina (October 10, 2013). "'Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 21, 2013.

[91] Baldas, Tresa (October 6, 2013). "How corruption deepened Detroit's crisis". USA Today. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[92] MacDonald, Christine; Wilkinson, Mike (February 21, 2013). "Half of Detroit property owners don't pay taxes". Detroit News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013.

[93] Eagleton, Terry (July 2007). "Detroit Arcadia". Harper's Magazine. Vol. July 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2013.

[94] Williams, Corey (March 1, 2013). "Governor declares financial emergency in Detroit – Yahoo! Finance". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 29, 2013.

[Detroit_DebtDefault-95] "Debt default by Detroit city rocks bondholders". Detroit Star. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

[detroitnews1-96] "Creditors to fight Detroit insolvency claim". The Detroit News. July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.

[bankrupt_city-97] Lichterman, Joseph; Woodall, Bernie (December 3, 2013). "In largest-ever U.S. city bankruptcy, cuts coming for Detroit creditors, retirees". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.

[NYTDet-98] Davey, Monica; Williams Walsh, Mary (November 7, 2014). "Plan to Exit Bankruptcy Is Approved for Detroit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.

[99] Stryker, Nathan Bomey, John Gallagher and Mark (November 9, 2014). "HOW DETROIT WAS REBORN". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[100] Reindl, JC (November 11, 2014). "Detroit Rising: And then there were streetlights". Detroit Free Press.

[101] Wallace, Nicole (August 11, 2014). "Detroit Charity Turns Blight into Gardens, Parks, and Homes". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved September 17, 2016.

[102] "Farm City Detroit". City Parks Alliance. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.

[103] Marcus, Jonathan (July 11, 2019). "Michigan Central and the rebirth of Detroit". BBC News. Retrieved June 20, 2024.

[104] Thibodeau, Ian (February 4, 2016). "Windows at Michigan Central Station completed on time and budget". M Live. Retrieved June 22, 2016.

[105] Williams, Candice (January 29, 2020). "Ford will make Michigan Central Depot a place for mobility innovators, disruptors". The Detroit News. Retrieved October 17, 2020.

[106] Hammel, Katie (May 6, 2016). "Detroit, finally on the verge of a real renaissance". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 17, 2016.

[107] Davey, Monica (April 30, 2018). "Detroit Was Crumbling. Here's How It's Reviving". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2018.

[108] Mondry, Aaron (November 25, 2019). "Trends that defined Detroit in the 2010s". Detroit Curbed. Retrieved June 12, 2023. With more investment comes higher property values. Much higher. … But as property values rise, so do rents. In a city where 35 percent of its population is below the poverty line, that can result in displacement and parts of the city being unaffordable to people in lower income brackets.

[109] Mondry, Aaron (November 21, 2019). "10 redevelopments that shaped Detroit over the last 10 years". Curbed Detroit. Retrieved November 20, 2020.

[110] Carlisle, John (May 24, 2020). "Detroit neighborhood group sees gentrification as the enemy". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 20, 2020.

[111] Moskowitz, Peter (February 5, 2015). "The two Detroits: a city both collapsing and gentrifying at the same time". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 20, 2020.

[112] "America's 10 Fastest-Gentrifying Neighborhoods". Real Estate News and Advice | Realtor.com®. April 15, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2020.

[CensusCSA-113] "Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

[CensusMSA-114] "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.

[115] "Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau". Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.

[Gazetteer_files-116] "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.

[117] "Figure 3.1: Map showing the location of Detroit in Michigan, USA". ResearchGate. Retrieved May 1, 2022.

[118] "About the Refuge". Detroit River. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.

[119] Perkins, Almon. "The Historical Geography of Detroit". Michigan Historical Commission. Retrieved February 17, 2013.

[120] "Detroit High Point". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved February 17, 2013.

[121] "Great Lakes, Connecting Channels and St. Lawrence River Water Levels and Depths". United States Army Corps of Engineers – Detroit District. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.

[122] "Belle Isle Park | Visit Detroit Itinerary". VisitDetroit.com. Retrieved November 2, 2022.

[123] D'Amours, Andrew (July 5, 2020). "In Which Direction Must You Drive To Enter Canada If You Are In Detroit?". Flytrippers. Retrieved November 2, 2022.

[124] Zacharias, Patricia (January 23, 2000). The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit Archived July 10, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.

[125] "The Detroit Salt Company --Explore the City under the City". Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[AIADetroit-126] Hill, Eric J.; John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press.

[DetArch-127] Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.

[128] By, Sponsored. "University Commons - Palmer Park". Model D. Retrieved December 1, 2024.

[129] "Weekly List - National Register of Historic Places (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 1, 2024.

[130] Pfeffer, Jaime (September 12, 2006). "Falling for Brush Park". Model D Media. Retrieved on April 21, 2009.

[131] Cityscape Detroit.www.cityscapedetroit.org Archived December 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 8, 2007.

[Gallagher-132] Gallagher, John (July 14, 2014). "Hockey, basketball, housing and more: Ilitches unveil 'bold vision' for Red Wings & Pistons arena district". Detroit Free Press.

[133] "The District Detroit". www.thedistrictdetroit.com. Retrieved December 1, 2024.

[134] "Our Story | Detroit Riverfront Conservancy". detroitriverfront.org.

[135] Editorial: "At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront", Detroit News, December 13, 2002

[parcel-136] Detroit Parcel Survey. Retrieved on July 23, 2011.

[137] Bigda, Carolyn, Erin Chambers, Lawrence Lanahan, Joe Light, Sarah Max, and Jennifer Merritt.Detroit Best place to retire: Downtown Archived December 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. CNNMoney. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

[WallStreet1-138] Vitullo-Martin, Julio, (December 22, 2007). "The Biggest Mies Collection: His Lafayette Park residential development thrives in Detroit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

[Southwest2-139] Rodriguez, Cindy (May 23, 2007). "A Detroit success story: Can-do spirit revives southwest neighborhood". Detroit News.

[Southwest-140] Williams, Corey (February 28, 2008).New Latino Wave Helps Revitalize Detroit. USA Today. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

[MLIVEAP-141] Associated Press (February 10, 2010). Survey. Mlive.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

[Gallagher1-142] "Housing in Detroit". Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011. 95% of Detroit homes are deemed suitable for occupancy, 86% of Detroit's single family homes are in good condition, 9% are generally in need of minor repair

[143] Gallagher, John (February 20, 2010). "Survey finds third of Detroit lots vacant". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1A, 9A. Retrieved November 27, 2011.

[parcel2-144] Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (March 2, 2010).Intensive property survey captures state of Detroit housing, vacancy. Model D. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

[145] "Crews to start tearing down derelict buildings in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. April 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[NextDetroit-146] "Next Detroit". Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2009.. City of Detroit. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

[147] Saulny, Susan (June 20, 2010). "Razing the City to Save the City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2010.

[DEGA2-148] "Community Development". Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2009.. DEGA. Retrieved on January 2, 2009.

[Fund-149] Detroit Neighborhood Fund Archived February 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan. Retrieved January 2, 2009.

[Rose1-150] Rose, Judy (May 11, 2003). Detroit to revive 1 neighborhood at a time. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 29, 2011.

[151] Kaffer, Nancy (July 27, 2011). "Detroit Works project to be measured in three demonstration areas". Crain's Detroit. Retrieved August 2, 2011.

[152] Lyons, Mickey (February 2, 2023). "In search of greenspace equity: A short history of Detroit's parks". Planet Detroit. Retrieved November 29, 2024.

[153] "Detroit, Michigan Climate Detroit, Michigan Temperatures Detroit, Michigan Weather Averages". Detroit.climatemps.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

[154] Muller, M. J. (December 6, 2012). Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-009-8040-2.

[155] "Michigan - Climate". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

[156] "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.

[NOAA-D-157] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data/". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.

[158] "Articles | Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française – histoire, culture, religion, héritage". Ameriquefrancaise.org. May 2, 1941. Retrieved March 29, 2013.

[161] "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.

[HKO-162] "Detroit/Metropolitan ARPT MI Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.

[UVIT-163] "Historical UV Index Data - Detroit, MI". UV Index Today. Retrieved April 21, 2023.

[NWS-164] "NOAA Online Weather Data: Detroit Area, MI". National Weather Service. Retrieved April 17, 2024.

[Weather_Atlas-165] "Detroit, Michigan, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved January 25, 2019.

[DecennialCensus-166] "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

[CensusCity-167] "2010 Census Interactive Population Search". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.

[NYT_Census-168] Seelye, Katherine Q. (March 22, 2011). "Detroit Population Down 25 Percent, Census Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011.

[169] Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center

[170] "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.

[time-171] Huey, John (September 24, 2009). "Assignment Detroit: Why Time Inc. Is in Motown". Time. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009.

[172] Bergmann, p. 39

[173] "Median household income in the past 12 months". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2020.

[174] "Median family income in the past 12 months". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2020.

[175] "Poverty status in the past 12 months by age". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2020.

[176] "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States; Wayne County, Michigan; Detroit city, Michigan". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 22, 2021.

[auto1-177] "Detroit (city), Michigan". Data IndyStar. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021.

[178] "Detroit (city), Michigan". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006.

[180] "37722966v1p24ch3.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2024.

[181] "00496492v1p3.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2024.

[182] "1980 census of population. Characteristics of the population" (PDF). Retrieved October 9, 2024.

[183] "Michigan: 1990" (PDF). Retrieved September 12, 2024.

[2000CensusP004-184] "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.

[2010CensusP2-185] "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.

[2020CensusP2-186] "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Detroit city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.

[autogenerated1-187] Baulch, Vivian M. (September 4, 1999). Michigan's greatest treasure – Its people Archived July 31, 2007, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on October 22, 2007.

[188] Vivian M. Baulch, Archived July 10, 2012, at archive.today "How Detroit got its first black hospital", The Detroit News, November 28, 1995.

[189] "Important Cities in Black History". Infoplease.com.

[190] Sugrue, Thomas J. (2014). The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-691-16255-3.

[191] "INS Records for 1930s Mexican Repatriations | USCIS". www.uscis.gov. July 29, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2021.

[Denvir-192] Denvir, Daniel. "The Paradox of Mexicantown: Detroit's Uncomfortable Relationship With the Immigrants it Desperately Needs". (Archive) The Atlantic Cities. September 24, 2012. Retrieved on January 15, 2013.

[193] "B03001 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin – 2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Detroit city, Michigan". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2024.

[194] Detroitblogger John. "Southland". (Archive) Metro Times. April 28, 2010. Retrieved on May 12, 2012.

[195] Grazulis, Marius K. (2009). Lithuanians in Michigan. Michigan State University Press. ISBN 9780870138133. JSTOR 10.14321/j.ctt7ztcn0.

[196] (November 28, 2006). Southwest Detroit's Lithuanian Hall to reopen after $2 million renovation, Modeldmedia.com

[197] Bello, Marisol (November 28, 2006). "Lithuanian center to reopen Thursday". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013.

[198] "Detroit". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved March 29, 2013.

[Wisely-199] Wisely, John; Spangler, Todd (March 24, 2011). "Motor City population declines 25%". USA Today. Retrieved June 20, 2011.

[200] Towbridge, Gordon. "Racial divide widest in U.S." Archived June 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The Detroit News. January 14, 2002. Retrieved on March 30, 2009.

[Wilkinson-201] Wilkinson, Mike (March 29, 2011). "Metro Detroit no longer most segregated". Yahoo News. Retrieved July 27, 2012.

[MetzgerBoozap8-202] Metzger, Kurt; Booza, Jason (January 2002). "Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit" (PDF). Center for Urban Studies. Wayne State University. Archived from the original (Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 8) on November 9, 2013.

[Chou-203] Chou, Kimberly (December 7, 2006). "Growing up Hmong in Detroit". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved December 31, 2012.

[Archambault-204] Archambault, Dennis. "Young and Asian in Detroit". (Archive) Model D Media. Issue Media Group, LLC. Tuesday November 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 5, 2012.

[205] Stevens, William K. (April 28, 1974). "April in Detroit Is Murder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

[206] "Detroit Reports Rise in Homicides". The New York Times. March 7, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

[207] "2022 Homicide Statistics for 24 U.S. Cities" (PDF). RIT Center for Public Safety Initiatives. Retrieved December 24, 2023.

[MIC-208] Booza, Jason C. (July 23, 2008).Reality v. Perceptions: An Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit. (Archive) Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, Wayne State University Center for Urban Studies. Retrieved August 14, 2011.

[analysis-209] Shelton, Steve M. (January 30, 2008). "Top cop urges vigilance against crime". Michigan Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2019.

[210] "Kym Worthy on reported Detroit crime drop: 'Public knows those numbers aren't true'". Michigan Live. April 4, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2009.

[autogenerated5-211] "Offense Analysis, United States, 2007 to 2011". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.

[Detroit_crime_rates_and_statistics-212] "Detroit crime rates and statistics". Neighborhood Scout. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[car_insurance-213] "Most Expensive Cities for Car Insurance". yahoo.com. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012. I ... it has a high crime rate – it scored an 889 on the City-Data.com 2010 crime index, ... * Source: Runzheimer International. Average insurance rates are as of August 2011, and based on business driving for a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu LS. Assumes $100,000/$300,000/$50,000 liability limits, collision, and comprehensive with $500 deductibles, 100/300 uninsured motorist coverage, and any mandatory insurance coverage.

[214] "Detroit Sector Michigan | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". Cbp.gov. August 21, 2023.

[cdb2013-215] Crain's Detroit Business: Largest Detroit Employers (August 2013 ). Retrieved on January 12, 2014.

[Marketprofile-216] The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, The Social Compact Inc., University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program, (October 2006).Downtown Detroit in Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Economic Growth Corporation and Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.

[217] Henion, Andy (March 22, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion. The Detroit News.(About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.

[218] "Ford Motor Company | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[219] "WSU economic development leader named TechTown president and CEO - Wayne State University". Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.

[220] "Ford Motor Co. REVEALS PLANS for its New Corktown Campus". November 17, 2020.

[221] "The Corktown campus is composed of several buildings". Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.

[222] Muller, David (March 8, 2013). "While companies move into Downtown Detroit, suburbs continue to suffer". Mlive.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017.

[Howes-223] Howes, Daniel (November 12, 2007). Quicken moving to downtown Detroit. The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.^{[dead link‍]}

[224] "Press Release, 12–41". Uspto.gov. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.

[MILMI2-225] "Detroit, MI Unemployment Rate". Ycharts.com. Retrieved July 21, 2014.

[autogenerated3-226] Morice, Zach (September 21, 2007).Planting community in fallow fields Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.

[autogenerated2-227] The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact, Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity Archived September 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.

[228] Maynard, Micheline (July 29, 2013). "Detroit's Developers Unfazed by Bankruptcy". Time. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.

[229] Lawrence Tech anchoring Midtown Detroit development, joining neighborhood's boom. MLive.com (May 7, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.

[230] Sands, David (June 1, 2013). "Detroit Development Projects, Real Estate Investments Are Booming in 2013". HuffPost.

[Detroitres-231] Harrison, Sheena (June 25, 2007). DEGA enlists help to spur Detroit retail Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved on November 28, 2007. "New downtown residents are largely young professionals according to Social Compact".

[232] Muller, Joanne (July 10, 2012). "A Shocking Sight in Downtown Detroit – People". Forbes. Retrieved August 10, 2013.

[Detroitstudy-233] Reppert, Joe (October 2007).Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down Archived September 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Social Compact. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.

[234] "Detroit 7.2". Hudson-Webber Foundation. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[Crain-235] "MARY KRAMER: Rebuilding city takes patience, vision – Crain's Detroit Business". Crainsdetroit.com. September 28, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[236] "First Meijer super center store opens in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 29, 2014.

[237] New $20M Meijer Store Opens In Detroit. CBS Detroit (July 25, 2013). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.

[238] Helms, Matt (June 11, 2015). "Meijer opens its 2nd Detroit store amid song, donations". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[239] Livengood, Chad (June 26, 2019). "JPMorgan Chase expanding Detroit investment to $200 Million".

[240] Danner, Marcia (July 2, 2007). "Waterfront Living: River rebirth draws residents downtown". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[Windsornightlife-241] La Canfora, Jason (February 4, 2006). "Detroit's Big Party Next Door. In Windsor, Temptation Waits for Players, Fans". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[242] "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.

[Visitor_poll-243] Bailey, Ruby L (August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors. Detroit Free Press. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."

[244] Lawrence, Peter (2009).Interview with Michigan's Governor Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Corporate Design Foundation. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.

[Britannica-245] "Michigan Cities". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007. [Detroit] is the automobile capital of the world

[246] "SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit". Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.

[City_of_Champions-247] Zacharias, Patricia (August 22, 2000). "Detroit, the City of Champions". Michigan History, The Detroit News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[Almanac2-249] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gavrilovich, Peter; Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac (2nd ed.). Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.

[250] "Searching for "Motown" within on Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[251] "Firsts and facts". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2008. Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.

[252] Arts & Culture Archived April 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Detroit Economic Growth Corporation. Retrieved on July 24, 2008. "Detroit is home to the second largest theatre district in the United States."

[253] "The Graystone Online". Internet Public Library of the University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[Carson-254] Carson, David A. (2005). Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11503-0.

[255] Girl Groups – Fabulous Females Who Rocked The World, by John Clemente

[Plexifilm-256] Jessica Edwards. "High Tech Soul". Plexifilm. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[257] Gallaher, John and Kathleen Gray and Chris Christoff (February 3, 2009). "Pontiac film studio to bring jobs". Detroit Free Press.

[258] Ford, Robert C.; Peeper, William C. (August 1, 2007). "The past as prologue: Predicting the future of the convention and visitor bureau industry on the basis of its history". Tourism Management. 28 (4): 1104–1114. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.002. ISSN 0261-5177.

[259] "Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau Profile". Top Workplaces. Retrieved June 28, 2024.

[260] "About Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau". Visit Detroit. Retrieved June 28, 2024.

[52_Places_to_Go_in_2017-261] "52 Places to Go in 2017". NYT Travel, The New York Times. January 4, 2017. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.

[Top_10_cities_to_visit_in_2018-262] "Top 10 cities to visit in 2018". Lonely Planet. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.

[:1-263] "Detroit: World's Greatest Places 2022". Time. Retrieved July 13, 2022.

[264] America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Archived October 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress Retrieved August 14, 2011.

[265] "History of Eastern Market". Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008.. Eastern Market Merchant's Association. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.

[Easternmarket1-266] "Eastern Market". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2007.. Model D Media (April 5, 2008). Retrieved January 24, 2011.

[Midtown2-267] "Midtown". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2007.. Model D Media (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on January 24, 2011.

[268] "The Parade Company | Home of America's Thanksgiving Day Parade". Theparade.org. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[Winterblast-269] Fifth Third Bank rocks the Winter Blast. Michigan Chronicle. (March 14, 2006).

[270] Baulch, Vivian M. (August 4, 1998). Marshall Fredericks – the Spirit of Detroit Archived July 11, 2012, at archive.today. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.

[271] Block, Dustin (November 22, 2016). "Pistons move makes Detroit only North American city with 4 pro teams in its downtown". Clickondetroit.com.

[272] "Rearview Mirror index". Detroit News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[273] "Detroit City Football Club". Detcityfc.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

[2007IndyRacing-274] "Indy racing will return to Detroit". SportingNews.com. Associated Press. September 29, 2006. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[275] Altavena, Eric D. Lawrence, Paul Egan, Clara Hendrickson, Darcie Moran, Dana Afana, Eric Guzmán and Lily. "Final day of NFL draft was a victory lap for fans, families and Detroit". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 28, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[276] "Charter of the City of Detroit" (PDF). detroitmi.gov. City of Detroit. January 1, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2017.

[crcmich.org-277] Ward, George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision – A Brief History Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Citizens Research Council of Michigan (pdf file).

[278] "The Detroit Charter and City Government ARTICLE 9. CHAPTER 1. COMMUNITY ADVISORY COUNCILS". detcharter.com. 2012 Detroit Charter Revision Commission. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
"Detroiters Push to Establish Community Advisory Councils in City Districts". wdet.org. WDET 101.9 and Wayne State University. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

"Action Alert: City Council Evening Meeting Monday March 3rd". detroitpeoplesplatform.org. Detroit Peoples Platform. March 3, 2012. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

"Wayne Co., Mi General Election 11/08/16 Total Results" (PDF). waynecounty.com. County of Wayne. November 23, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

Losinski, Brendan (October 15, 2019). "Community Advisory Council approved for Detroit's 4th District". candgnews.com. C & G Publishing. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

"Community Activist Files 1,570 Signatures to Create Community Advisory Council". telegramnews.net. Telegram Newspaper. October 3, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

"City of Detroit Community Advisory Council District 4 Partial Term Ending 01/01/2022" (PDF). waynecounty.com. Wayne County Michigan. November 5, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

Carter, Piper (October 25, 2022). "Detroit Community Advisory Council {CAC} Candidates Running For District 5 on Nov 8". Youtube.com. Retrieved November 3, 2023.

"District 5 Community Advisory Council". detroitmi.gov. City of Detroit. Retrieved November 3, 2023.

[279] "Detroiters Push to Establish Community Advisory Councils in City Districts". wdet.org. WDET 101.9 and Wayne State University. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

[280] "Action Alert: City Council Evening Meeting Monday March 3rd". detroitpeoplesplatform.org. Detroit Peoples Platform. March 3, 2012. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

[281] "Wayne Co., Mi General Election 11/08/16 Total Results" (PDF). waynecounty.com. County of Wayne. November 23, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

[282] Losinski, Brendan (October 15, 2019). "Community Advisory Council approved for Detroit's 4th District". candgnews.com. C & G Publishing. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[283] "Community Activist Files 1,570 Signatures to Create Community Advisory Council". telegramnews.net. Telegram Newspaper. October 3, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[284] "City of Detroit Community Advisory Council District 4 Partial Term Ending 01/01/2022" (PDF). waynecounty.com. Wayne County Michigan. November 5, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[285] Carter, Piper (October 25, 2022). "Detroit Community Advisory Council {CAC} Candidates Running For District 5 on Nov 8". Youtube.com. Retrieved November 3, 2023.

[286] "District 5 Community Advisory Council". detroitmi.gov. City of Detroit. Retrieved November 3, 2023.

[cdet-279] Nelson, Gabe (November 3, 2009).Voters overwhelmingly approve Detroit Proposal D. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.

[280] "Police Department". City of Detroit. Retrieved September 11, 2022.

[281] "Detroit Fire Department". City of Detroit. Retrieved September 11, 2022.

[282] "Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies". CNN. November 29, 1997.

[283] "Detroit Council Approves Plan For 3 Casinos". The New York Times. April 10, 1998. Retrieved March 19, 2023.

[284] Lin, Judy and David Joser, (August 30, 2005). Detroit to trim 150 cops, precincts. Detroit News.

[285] Abbey-Lambertz, Kate (August 29, 2013). "Detroit Corruption Rooted Out As Felony Bribery Charges Filed Against 7 Building Inspectors". HuffPost.

[286] Baldas, Tresa (April 17, 2016). "Vendor in DPS corruption case lived like a king". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[287] Cwiek, Sarah (April 22, 2016). "(The Latest) Corruption Charges in Detroit's Struggling Schools". NPR.

[288] Quinlan, Casey (March 30, 2016). "Feds Bring Corruption Charges Against Current And Former Detroit School Principals". Thinkprogress.org. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[289] Gabriel, Larry (March 14, 2012). "How corrupt is Detroit?". Detroit Metro Times.

[290] Jonathan Oosting, Push to ban 'sanctuary cities' in Michigan faces criticism from immigrant advocates, MLive (September 30, 2015).

[291] "Walking Directions between University of Detroit Mercy School of Law and Renaissance Center" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 24, 2021.

[292] "Detroit Center - Grand Valley State University". Gvsu.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2020.

[Zernike-293] Zernike, Kate (June 29, 2016). "A Sea of Charter Schools in Detroit Leaves Students Adrift". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2019. Dawn Wilson's four oldest children have attended between five and seven schools each – not uncommon in Detroit – moving among charter schools, traditional schools, private religious schools and suburban districts that take Detroit students,

[charter-294] Hing, Julianne (March 17, 2010).Where Have All The Students Gone? Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Color Lines.com. Retrieved on August 19, 2010.

[Enrollment-295] Dawsey, Chastity Pratt (October 20, 2011). Detroit Public Schools hits enrollment goal. Detroit Free Press

[296] Winerip, Michael. "For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms". The New York Times. March 13, 2011. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.

[297] LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board Archived June 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. WXYZ.com.

[298] Shultz, Marissa and Greg Wilkerson (June 13, 2007).Graduation rate. Detroit News. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.^{[dead link‍]}

[Detroitk12-299] Detroit Public Schools news Archived January 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (June 15, 2007). Retrieved February 13, 2017.

[300] Resmovits, Joy (July 8, 2011). "Detroit Charter High Schools Underperform Public Counterparts, Analysis Shows". HuffPost.

[301] Erb, Robin and Chastity Pratt Dawsey. "Detroit students' scores a record low on national test". Detroit Free Press. December 8, 2009.

[302] Lewis, Shawn D. (October 28, 2015). "Detroit worst in math, reading scores among big cities". Detroitnews.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.

[303] "Nearly Half Of Detroit's Adults Are Functionally Illiterate, Report Finds". HuffPost. May 7, 2011.

[Cathschool-304] "Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures" (Archive). Detroit Free Press. February 1, 2013. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.

[305] "Detroit Catholic high school 'sees God in the challenges'". Educationreport.org. August 16, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[306] Pratt, Chastity, Patricia Montemurri, and Lori Higgins. "Parents, Kids Scramble As Education Options Narrow". Detroit Free Press. March 17, 2005. A1 News. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.

[AOD-307] "Archdiocese of Detroit – Schools". Aodonline.org. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[308] "About | Detroit Cristo Rey High School". Detroitcristorey.org. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[309] "Detroit Goodfellows > Home". Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2009.

[310] "Bold Transformation Of Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News Lead Nation And Industry With Expanded Digital Offerings; Launch Of New Magazine; Colorful, Easy-To-Use Newsstand Editions". Detroitmedia.com. December 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[311] "Metro Times". Metro Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

[312] "Michigan Chronicle". Michronicleonline.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

[Nielson-313] Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Nielson Company

[Arbitron-314] "Market Ranks and Schedule". Arbitron.com. Retrieved December 31, 2012.

[315] Ltd, TheGridNet. "About Detroit". The Detroit Grid. Retrieved July 23, 2022.

[WSUMED-316] "Organization History and Profile". Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2006. Wayne State University Retrieved January 24, 2011.

[Lane-317] Lane, Amy (June 11, 2010). "For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[Anstett-318] Anstett, Patricia (March 20, 2010).$1.5 billion for new DMC. Detroit Free Press. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.

[Greene-319] Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.

[320] "Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development". HuffPost. May 30, 2012.

[321] King, R. J. (October 2, 2014). "Block By Block". dbusiness.

[Henderson-322] Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).WSU to build $93M biotech hub. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.

[323] "Wayne State University IBio – The Integrative Biosciences Center". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015.

[324] "Wayne State breaks ground on Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Building". Media.wayne.edu. July 2, 2020.

[325] Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary Archived November 18, 2005, at the Wayback Machine (May 11, 2005). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.

[326] "Welcome". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Retrieved July 5, 2023.

[327] "$250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada". CBC News. February 18, 2015.

[Tunnelbus-328] "Routes and Schedules". Transit Windsor. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2009.

[329] "Construction Starts on Detroit Rail". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. Associated Press. July 28, 2014. p. 5A.

[SEMCOGrail-330] Ann Arbor – Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.

[331] Lawrence, Eric D. (September 19, 2016). "New express bus connects Detroit to Somerset mall". Detroit Free Press.

[332] Maciag, Mike (December 9, 2014). "Vehicle Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024.

[333] "Michigan's Railroad System" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2020.

[334] "Ride Smart-Fast". Smartbus.org. Retrieved October 10, 2018.

[335] Sapte, Benjamin (2003). "Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971". Archived from the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2007.. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2011.

[336] "Home | Willow Run Airport". Home | Willow Run Airport. Retrieved July 5, 2023.

[Cantor-337] Cantor, George (2005). Detroit: An Insiders Guide to Michigan. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-03092-2.

[338] "ZIP Code 48222: Detroit, MI (Detroit River Station)". www,zipcodestogo.com. 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.

[339] "48222". 48222. Retrieved July 5, 2023.

[340] Kelley, Tyler J. (August 20, 2016). "A Mail Boat Stays Afloat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2019.

[341] "Some things you may not have known about Detroit". michiganchronicle.com. Michigan Chronicle. August 4, 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

[342] "International Sister Cities". City.toyota.aichi.jp. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

[343] "Twinnings and Agreements". Comune.torino.it. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e Municipalities and communities of Wayne County, Michigan, United States
County seat: Detroit
Cities	Allen Park Belleville Dearborn Dearborn Heights Detroit Ecorse Flat Rock‡ Garden City Gibraltar Grosse Pointe Grosse Pointe Farms Grosse Pointe Park Grosse Pointe Shores‡ Grosse Pointe Woods Hamtramck Harper Woods Highland Park Inkster Lincoln Park Livonia Melvindale Northville‡ Plymouth River Rouge Riverview Rockwood Romulus Southgate Taylor Trenton Wayne Westland Woodhaven Wyandotte	Map of Michigan highlighting Wayne County
Charter townships	Brownstown Canton Huron Northville Plymouth Redford Van Buren
Civil townships	Grosse Ile Sumpter
Unincorporated communities	Beech Belleville North Canton Cherry Hill Cherry Island Denton East Rockwood Edgewater Heights French Landing Grand View Acres Grosse Ile Maple Beach Martinsville Milleville Beach New Boston Rawsonville‡ Redford Roulo Sheldon Waltz West Sumpter Willow
Footnotes	‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal United States portal

v t e Metro Detroit
Topics	Architecture Culture Detroit River Economy Freeways History Historic places International Riverfront Lake St. Clair Media Music Parks and beaches People Performing arts Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation
Detroit	Downtown Detroit Midtown Detroit New Center
Municipalities over 80,000	Canton Township Clinton Township Dearborn Farmington Hills Livonia Macomb Township Sterling Heights Troy Warren Westland
Municipalities 40,000 to 80,000	Bloomfield Township Chesterfield Township Commerce Township Dearborn Heights Grosse Pointe Lincoln Park Novi Pontiac Redford Township Rochester Hills Roseville Royal Oak St. Clair Shores Shelby Charter Township Southfield Taylor Waterford Township West Bloomfield Township
Cultural enclaves	Ann Arbor Auburn Hills Birmingham Bloomfield Hills Dearborn Downriver Downtown Detroit Grosse Pointe Midtown Detroit New Center Northville Rochester Royal Oak Southfield Troy Plymouth
Satellite cities	Ann Arbor Brighton Flint Howell Lapeer Monroe Port Huron Toledo Windsor Ypsilanti
Counties in MSA	Lapeer Livingston Macomb Oakland St. Clair Wayne
Counties in CSA	Genesee Lenawee Monroe Washtenaw
Southeast Michigan United States

v t e Midwestern United States
Topics	Culture Geography Economy Government and politics History Sports
Subregions	Northern Midwest East North Central states West North Central states Southern Midwest
States	Ohio Indiana Michigan Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin Minnesota North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas
Major cities	Chicago Detroit Minneapolis St. Paul St. Louis Cleveland Columbus Dayton Cincinnati Grand Rapids Fort Wayne Indianapolis Milwaukee Green Bay Madison Des Moines Kansas City Wichita Omaha Sioux Falls Rapid City Fargo Rochester Toledo
State capitals	Columbus Indianapolis Lansing Springfield Jefferson City Des Moines Madison St. Paul Bismarck Pierre Lincoln Topeka

v t e Great Lakes megalopolis as defined by the RPA
Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.
Great Lakes region cities	Brantford Buffalo–Niagara Falls Buffalo Niagara Falls Chicago city Cleveland city Detroit city Duluth–Superior Duluth Superior Erie city Grand Rapids city Guelph Green Bay city Hamilton Holland Kalamazoo city Kenosha Lansing city London Milwaukee city Muskegon Niagara Region St. Catharines Niagara Falls Welland Niles Oshawa Rochester, New York city South Bend city Thunder Bay Toledo city Toronto city Traverse City city Waterloo Region Kitchener Cambridge Waterloo Windsor
Surrounding cities	Akron city Altoona Ann Arbor Barrie Bloomington, Indiana city Bloomington–Normal Bloomington, Illinois Normal Canton city Champaign city Cincinnati city Columbus city Dayton city Eau Claire city Elkhart Evansville city Fargo city Flint Fort Wayne city Fox Cities Appleton Oshkosh Indianapolis city Jackson Janesville–Beloit Kankakee city Kingston La Crosse–Onalaska La Crosse Onalaska Lafayette city Madison city Mahoning Valley Youngstown Minneapolis–Saint Paul Minneapolis Saint Paul Greater Montreal Laval Longueuil Montreal National Capital Region Ottawa Gatineau Pittsburgh city Peoria city Peterborough Rockford city Rochester, Minnesota city Saguenay St. Cloud city Saginaw city Sioux Falls city Springfield city Sudbury urban neighbourhoods Syracuse city Terre Haute city Trois-Rivières Utica–Rome Utica Rome Quad Cities Bettendorf Davenport East Moline Moline Rock Island Greater Quebec city
Cities of states south of region	Elizabethtown city Kansas City city Louisville city St. Louis city Topeka city Wheeling city
Other metro-regions	Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Golden Horseshoe Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area Detroit–Windsor Greater Pittsburgh Metro East
Other megaregions

Authority control databases
International	VIAF FAST
National	Germany 2 United States France 2 BnF data 2 Japan Australia Czech Republic Spain Croatia Sweden Israel
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
People	Trove
Other	IdRef 2 NARA Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine